Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/tə-ŋguʔ

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *d-kəw (Chou, 1972); *dkʷjəɣʷ (Coblin, 1986)
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *d/s-kəw (Matisoff, 2003, STEDT; Mortensen, 2012); *s-kwa (Matisoff, 2003); *d-kuw (Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972; Matisoff, 1983; LaPolla, 1987; Weidert, 1987)

Numeral

Proto-Sino-Tibetan numbers ^(edit)

←  8	9	10  → [a], [b]
Cardinal: *tə-ŋguʔ

*tə-ŋguʔ

1. nine

Reconstruction notes

• Tibetan and rGyalrongic force the reconstruction of both a dental pre-initial and a nasal pre-initial.
• The voiceless initial velar in Old Chinese remains a thorny issue. rGyalrongic, Tibetan and Burmese all instead imply a voiced velar initial.

Descendants

• Old Chinese: 九 (jiǔ) /*kuʔ/ (B-S; ZS)
  • Middle Chinese: 九 (kɨuX)

**:

→ Japanese: 九 (きゅう/く, ​kyū/ku)
Korean: 구 (九, gu)
Vietnamese: cửu (九)

• • • Mandarin:

      Standard: 九 (jiǔ) /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/

      Sichuanese: 九 (jiu³) /t͡ɕiəu⁵³/

      Dungan: җю (ži͡u) /t͡ɕiou⁵¹/

    • Cantonese:

      Guangzhou: 九 (gau²) /kɐu̯³⁵/

      Taishanese: 九 (giu²) /kiu⁵⁵/

    • Hakka:

      Sixian: 九 (kiú) /ki̯u³¹/

      Meixian: 九 (giu³) /kiu³¹/

    • Wu:

      Shanghainese: 九 (jieu) /t͡ɕiɜ³⁴/

    • Min:
      • Northern Min:

        Jian'ou: 九 (giǔ) /kiu²¹/

      • Eastern Min:

        Fuzhounese: 九 (gāu (vernacular), giū (literary)) /kau³³/, /kieu³³/

      • Min Nan:

        Hokkien: 九 (káu (vernacular), kiú (literary))

        Xiamen: /kaʊ⁵³/, /kiu⁵³/

        Kaohsiung: /kaʊ⁴¹/, /kiu⁴¹/

        Quanzhou: /kaʊ⁵⁵⁴/, /kiu⁵⁵⁴/

        Taipei: /kaʊ⁵³/, /kiu⁵³/

        Zhangzhou: /kaʊ⁵³/, /kiu⁵³/

        Teochew: 九 (gao² (vernacular), giu² (literary)) /kau⁵²/, /kiu⁵²/

    • → Proto-Tai: *kɤwꟲ (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Tibeto-Burman:
  • Tibeto-Kanauri
    • Bodic:
      • Tibetan: དགུ (dgu)
    • Eastern Bodish:
      • Kurtöp: དོ་གོ (dogo)
  • Lolo-Burmese:
    • Burmish:
      • Burmese: ကိုး (kui:)
    • Proto-Loloish:
      • Nuosu: ꈬ (ggu)
  • Qiangic:
    • Tangut: 𗢭 (*gjɨ̱¹)
  • Sal:
    • Jingpho: jahku
  • Bodo-Garo
    • Garo: sku (“nine”)
    • Kokborok: chuku (“nine”)
    • Atong (India): chykhyw (“nine”)
• → Proto-Karen: *khwiᴬ (Luangthongkum, 2013)
  • S'gaw Karen: ခွံ (khwee)