Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/kinnār-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

Uncertain; possibly borrowed from Proto-Hurro-Urartian *kinnar (“lyre”), if not the other way around. Compare Hurrian 𒇽𒆠𒅔𒈾𒊒𒄷𒇷 (^LÚki-in-na-ru-ḫu-li /⁠kinnaruḫuli⁠/, “musician”).

Noun

*kinnār- m or f

1. lyre, harp

Reconstruction notes

As a cultural item whose East Semitic reflexes may in fact be loans, this word's reconstruction to the level of Proto-Semitic is uncertain.

Inflection

Masculine:

Declension of *kinnār-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*kinnārum	*kinnārāna	plural stem + *-ūna
Genitive	*kinnārim	*kinnārayna	plural stem + *-īna
Accusative	*kinnāram
possessive forms
1st person	*kinnārī / *kinnārVya	—	*kinnārVni
2nd person m	*kinnārVka	*kinnārVkumā / *kinnārVkumay	*kinnārVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*kinnārVki		*kinnārVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*kinnārVšu	*kinnārVšumā / *kinnārVšumay	*kinnārVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*kinnārVša		*kinnārVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *kinnāruya for nom. case, *kinnāriya for gen. case, *kinnāraya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *kinnār- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *kinnāruka *kinnārāka plural stem + *-ūka Genitive *kinnārika *kinnārayka plural stem + *-īka Accusative *kinnāraka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *kinnār- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *kinnāruki *kinnārāki plural stem + *-ūki Genitive *kinnāriki *kinnārayki plural stem + *-īki Accusative *kinnāraki

Femenine:

Declension of *kinnār-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*kinnārum	*kinnārāna	*kinnārātum
Genitive	*kinnārim	*kinnārayna	*kinnārātim
Accusative	*kinnāram
possessive forms
1st person	*kinnārī / *kinnārVya	—	*kinnārVni
2nd person m	*kinnārVka	*kinnārVkumā / *kinnārVkumay	*kinnārVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*kinnārVki		*kinnārVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*kinnārVšu	*kinnārVšumā / *kinnārVšumay	*kinnārVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*kinnārVša		*kinnārVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *kinnāruya for nom. case, *kinnāriya for gen. case, *kinnāraya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *kinnār- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *kinnāruka *kinnārāka *kinnārātuka Genitive *kinnārika *kinnārayka *kinnārātika Accusative *kinnāraka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *kinnār- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *kinnāruki *kinnārāki *kinnārātuki Genitive *kinnāriki *kinnārayki *kinnārātiki Accusative *kinnāraki

Descendants

• East Semitic:
  • Neo-Babylonian: 𒆠𒅔𒈾𒊒 (kinnārum) (potentially loaned from W. Sem.)
  • Eblaite: 𒄀𒈾𒂗𒌝 (gi-na-ru₁₂-um), 𒄀𒈾𒊒 (gi-na-rúm /⁠kinnāru(m)⁠/)
• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: كِنَّارَة (kinnāra)
    • Northwest Semitic:
      • Aramaic:

        Old Aramaic: 𐡊𐡍𐡓 (knr)

        Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: כִינָרָא (kīnārā)

        Jewish Literary Aramaic: כִינָרָא (kīnārā)

        • Mandaic: ࡊࡉࡍࡀࡓ (kinar), ࡊࡉࡍࡀࡓࡀ (kinara)
        • Classical Syriac: ܟܷ݁ܢܴ݁ܪܳܐ (kennārā), ܟܐܢܪܐ (kennārā)
          • → Old Armenian: քնար (kʻnar)
            • → Armenian: քնար (kʻnar) (learned)
            • → Georgian: ქნარი (knari)
          • → Middle Persian:

            Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (knʾl /⁠kennār⁠/)

          • → Sanskrit: किंनरा (kiṃnarā), किन्नर (kinnara, “deity of divine music; divinized lyre”)
      • Canaanite:
        • Hebrew: כִּנּוֹר (kinór, kinnôr)
          • → Late Egyptian: knnr, kniwr
            • Coptic: ⲕⲓⲛⲉⲣⲁ (kinera)
          • → English: kinnor
          • → Ancient Greek: κινύρᾱ (kinúrā)
            • → Late Latin: cinyra
              • Italian: cinira
          • → Italian: kinnor
      • Ugaritic: 𐎋𐎐𐎗 (knr /⁠kinnāru⁠/), 𒀭𒄑𒆠𒈾𒀸 (^dGIŠ ki-na-ru₃ /⁠kinnāru; deity of the lyre⁠/)
  • Ethiopian Semitic:
    • Amharic: ክራር (krar), ከራር (kärar)
    • Ge'ez: ከሰረ (kissari)
• →? Khotanese: [script needed] (tcaṃgiḍai, “stringed instrument”)
• →? Parthian:

  Manichaean script: 𐫢𐫗𐫗𐫃 (šnng /⁠šang⁠/)

• →? Middle Persian: (“harp, lyre”) (or ← Middle Chinese 箏 (chˠɛŋ, “zither”))

  Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (cng /⁠čang⁠/)

  • Classical Persian: چنگ (čang)
    • → Arabic: جَنْك (jank), جُنْك (junk)
    • → Azerbaijani: çəng
    • → Burmese: စောင်း (caung:)
    • → Georgian: ჩანგი (čangi)
    • → Pashto: چنگ (“čang”)
    • → Ottoman Turkish: چنگ (çenk, çeng)
      • Turkish: çenk, çeng
  • → Arabic: صَنْج (ṣanj)
• →? Sogdian: (“harp, lyre”) (or ← Turkic *čingar, though unattested)

  Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫏𐫗𐫃𐫡𐫏𐫀 (cyngryʾ), 𐫝𐫗𐫃𐫡𐫏𐫀 (cngryʾ /⁠čingaryā, čangaryā⁠/)