Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ḥarb-
Appearance
Proto-Semitic
[edit]Noun
[edit]*ḥarb- m or f
Inflection
[edit]Masculine:
Declension of *ḥarb-
Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *ḥarbum | *ḥarbāna | plural stem + *-ūna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | *ḥarbim | *ḥarbayna | plural stem + *-īna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accusative | *ḥarbam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
possessive forms | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1st person | *ḥarbī / *ḥarbVya | — | *ḥarbVni | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2nd person m | *ḥarbVka | *ḥarbVkumā / *ḥarbVkumay | *ḥarbVkum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2nd person f | *ḥarbVki | *ḥarbVkin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3rd person m | *ḥarbVšu | *ḥarbVšumā / *ḥarbVšumay | *ḥarbVšum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3rd person f | *ḥarbVša | *ḥarbVšin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.
Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ḥarbuya for nom. case, *ḥarbiya for gen. case, *ḥarbaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ḥarb-
Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ḥarb-
|
Femenine:
Declension of *ḥarb-
Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *ḥarbum | *ḥarbāna | *ḥarbātum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | *ḥarbim | *ḥarbayna | *ḥarbātim | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accusative | *ḥarbam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
possessive forms | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1st person | *ḥarbī / *ḥarbVya | — | *ḥarbVni | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2nd person m | *ḥarbVka | *ḥarbVkumā / *ḥarbVkumay | *ḥarbVkum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2nd person f | *ḥarbVki | *ḥarbVkin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3rd person m | *ḥarbVšu | *ḥarbVšumā / *ḥarbVšumay | *ḥarbVšum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3rd person f | *ḥarbVša | *ḥarbVšin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.
Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ḥarbuya for nom. case, *ḥarbiya for gen. case, *ḥarbaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ḥarb-
Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ḥarb-
|
Reconstruction notes
[edit]Not inherited in West Semitic outside Central Semitic, and the Akkadian reflex is irregular unless one accepts Proto-Semitic *x̣. Kogan considers this term only to be reconstructible to Proto-Central Semitic.
Descendants
[edit]- East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒄑𒀳𒌆𒆥 (ḫarbum, “specialized plow used to physically break apart solid soil, opposed to other weaker types used to merely draw furrows to drop seeds in”)
- West Semitic:
- →? Ancient Greek: ἅρπη (hárpē, “sickle, scimitar; a bird of prey”)
- → Egyptian: ḥjrꜣpw (“dagger, short sword”)
References
[edit]- Kogan, Leonid (2015) Genealogical Classification of Semitic. The Lexical Isoglosses, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 211