Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/hwatā́wā

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From *hwá (“self”) +‎ *tā́wā ~ *tāwnáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tā́wā ~ *tāwnás, from Proto-Indo-European *tḗwh₂-ō ~ *tuh₂-nés, from *tḗwh₂-s ~ *téwh₂-s (compare Proto-Indo-Iranian *táwHsiH (“power, strength”), from *téwh₂s-ih₂^[1]), *tewh₂- (“to be strong”). Cognate with Sanskrit स्वतवस् (svátavas, “valiant, inherently powerful”).

Noun

*hwatā́wā ~ *hwatāwnás m^[2]^[3]

lord, sovereign, king
god

Derived terms

*hwatā́wniH f (“queen, lady, consort”)^[2]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]
- Proto-Sogdic: *xwətyʷḗn f^[5] (< earlier *xwatyʷā́yn^[6])
  - Sogdian: (/⁠xutēn⁠/)
    Sogdian script: 𐼶𐼴𐽂𐼰𐼷𐼻 (xwtʾyn), 𐼶𐼴𐽂𐼰𐼷𐼻𐼳 (xwtʾynh)
    
    Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼇𐼚𐼊𐼎𐼆 (ɣwtynh), 𐼄𐼇𐼚𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼆 (ɣwtʾynh)
    
    Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (xwṯyn)
- →? Proto-Turkic: *xātun (see there for further descendants)
- →? Xiongnu: 閼氐 (ʔɑt̚-tei) (or ⭠ Saka *hvatujn^[6])
*hwatā́wyah (“lord”)^[2]
- Bactrian: χοαδηο (xoadēo /⁠xwadēw⁠/) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Scythian: *hwaθyā́wi^[9] (or ⭠ Caucasian, cf. Lezgian гъуцар (ġucar, “god”)^[10])
  - Old Ossetic: *xučaw
    Alanic: χουτζαυ (khoutzau), χουτζαου (khoutzaou)
    - Ossetian: (“god”)
      - Digor Ossetian: хуцау (xucaw)
      - Iron Ossetian: хуыцау (x°ycaw)
*friyahwatā́wyah (“devoted sovereign”)^[11]
- Bactrian: φρειχοαδηο (freixoadēo /⁠frīxwadēw⁠/)
- Sogdian: [script needed] (pryxwʾw /⁠friyaxwatāw⁠/)

Descendants

Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Saka: *hvatāu
  - Old Khotanese: 𑀳𑁆𑀯𑀢𑀦 (hvatana), [script needed] (hvatäna, “Khotan”, literally “the (land of the) lords^[12]”)
    - Late Khotanese: [script needed] (hvaṃna), 𑀳𑁆𑀯𑀦 (hvana), [script needed] (hvaṃ-)
    - → Ashokan Prakrit: [script needed] (khotana-)
    - → Middle Chinese: 于闐 (MC hju den|denH)
    - → Sogdian:
      Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼇𐼌𐼎𐼊𐼋 (ɣwδnyk)
    - → Tibetan: [script needed] (hu-ten), [script needed] (hu-den), [script needed] (huthen), [script needed] (yvu-then)
    - → Tumshuqese: [script needed] (hvaḏane), [script needed] (hvaḏna)
  - Tumshuqese: [script needed] (hvatā-), [script needed] (hvata-, “lord^[13]”)
- Proto-Sogdic: *xwətāw
  - Sogdian: (/⁠xutāw, xuδāw⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫟𐫇𐫤𐫀𐫇 (xwtʾw), 𐫟𐫤𐫀𐫇 (xtʾw), 𐫟𐫇𐫂𐫇 (xwβw)
    
    Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼇𐼚𐼀𐼇 (ɣwtʾw)
    
    Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (xwdʾw), [Syriac needed] (xwdw)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Parthian: 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇 (xwdʾw), 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇𐫗 (xwdʾwn /⁠xwadāwan⁠/)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Middle Persian: 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇 (xwdʾw /⁠xwadāw⁠/), 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇𐫗 (xwdʾwn), 𐫟𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫇𐫇𐫗 (xwdʾwwn /⁠xwadāwan⁠/)
  - Classical Persian: خدا (xudā), خدای (xudāy), خداوند (xudāwand, “lord; God”) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Kuiper, F. B. J. (1976) “Old East Iranian dialects”, in Indo-Iranian Journal‎^[1], volume 18, numbers 3–4, Brill, page 249
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*h(u)u̯a- > *xᵛa-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 423
^ Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[2], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 103
^ Gharib, B. (1995) “γwtʾynh”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 178b
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[3], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 97
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Dybo, Anna (2014) “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica‎^[4], volume 2, page 9
^ Gharib, B. (1995) “γwtʾw”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 178a
^ Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎^[5], Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 181
^ Bailey, H. W. (1980) “Ossetic”, in Hatto, A. H., editor, The traditions (Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry), volume I, London, page 254
^ Abaev, V. I. (1985) “Alans”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, volume I, number 8, London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley, page 801‑803
^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*fri̯aina-, *fri̯āna-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 76
^ Bailey, H. W. (1982), The Culture of the Sakas in Ancient Iranian Khotan, Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies 1, ed. E. Yarshater, New York, esp. p. 3
^ Skjærvø, P. O. (1987), On the Tumshuqese "Karmavācanā" Text, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1, pp. 77-90

[1] Kuiper, F. B. J. (1976) “Old East Iranian dialects”, in Indo-Iranian Journal‎^[1], volume 18, numbers 3–4, Brill, page 249

[ESIJa-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*h(u)u̯a- > *xᵛa-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 423

[3] Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[2], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 103

[4] Gharib, B. (1995) “γwtʾynh”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 178b

[Novak-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[3], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 97

[Dybo-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Dybo, Anna (2014) “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica‎^[4], volume 2, page 9

[7] Gharib, B. (1995) “γwtʾw”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 178a

[8] Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎^[5], Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 181

[9] Bailey, H. W. (1980) “Ossetic”, in Hatto, A. H., editor, The traditions (Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry), volume I, London, page 254

[10] Abaev, V. I. (1985) “Alans”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, volume I, number 8, London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley, page 801‑803

[11] Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*fri̯aina-, *fri̯āna-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 76

[12] Bailey, H. W. (1982), The Culture of the Sakas in Ancient Iranian Khotan, Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies 1, ed. E. Yarshater, New York, esp. p. 3

[13] Skjærvø, P. O. (1987), On the Tumshuqese "Karmavācanā" Text, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1, pp. 77-90

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]