Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/hamwátiš

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From *hamwatáti (“to hope for, believe”) +‎ *-iš.

Noun

*hamwátiš

hope, belief, faith

Inflection

i-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*hamwátiš	*hamwátiH	*hamwátayah
vocative	*hamwátay	*hamwátiH	*hamwátayah
accusative	*hamwátim	*hamwátiH	*hamwátīš
instrumental	*hamwátiH	*hamwátibyā	*hamwátibiš
ablative	*hamwátayš	*hamwátibyā	*hamwátibyah
dative	*hamwátayay	*hamwátibyā	*hamwátibyah
genitive	*hamwátayš	*hamwátyawš	*hamwátayām
locative	*hamwátaw	*hamwátyawš	*hamwátišu

Related terms

*hamwástah (“believer, having believed”)
*hamwátaH (“wish, desire”)

Descendants

Northeastern Iranian:
- Ossetian: (“spirit, soul”) (perhaps^[1])
  Digor Ossetian: од (od)
  
  Iron Ossetian: уд (ud)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾwd, “divine trust”)
  - Sogdian: (/⁠āwat⁠/, “hope, trust, faith”)
    Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼰𐼴𐽂 (ʾʾwt), 𐼰𐼰𐼴𐽂𐼳 (ʾʾwth)
    
    Syriac script: ܐܘܬ (ʾwt)
    - ⇒ Sogdian: (/⁠čināut⁠/, “hopeful”)
      Buddhist: [script needed] (cynʾʾwt), [script needed] (cynʾwt)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Kurdish:
  Central Kurdish: ئاوات (awat, “desire, expectation”)
- Parthian: *hamwat
  - → Old Armenian: հաւատ (hawat, “faith, belief”)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Middle Persian: (“hope”)
  - Early Middle Persian: (< labial assimilation < initial h-loss *hamwēd)
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsmyt' /⁠*ahmēt⁠/), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwmyt' /⁠ummēd^[2]⁠/) (< labial rounding), [Book Pahlavi needed] (SWB̠Lʾ)^[3]
    - Late Middle Persian: (< postvocalic h-loss)
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwmyt'^[3]^[2] /⁠ummēd, ōmēd^[3]^[4]⁠/), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾymyt'^[4] /⁠ēmēd^[2]^[4]⁠/) (< *ehmēd (pre-fricative))
      
      Pazand: 𐬎𐬨𐬉𐬛 (umēd)
      - Persian: امید (omid, ommid)
  - → Old Georgian: იმედი (imedi)
  - ⇒ Middle Persian: (“hopeless”)
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾnʾwmyt' /⁠anummēd^[2]⁠/)
    - Persian: نومید (nawmêd)
  - ⇒ Middle Persian: (“hopeful”)
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwmytwʾl /⁠ummēdwār^[2]⁠/)
    - Persian: امیدوار (omêdvâr)
      - → Wakhi: [script needed] (amēdvōr)

References

^ Cheung, Johnny (2002) Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 233
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 30
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Nyberg, H. S. (1974) A Manual of Pahlavi, Part II: Glossary, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 114
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2007) Introduction to Pahlavi, Cambridge

[1] Cheung, Johnny (2002) Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 233

[Mackenzie-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 30

[Nyberg-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Nyberg, H. S. (1974) A Manual of Pahlavi, Part II: Glossary, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 114

[Skjærvø-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2007) Introduction to Pahlavi, Cambridge

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