Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/cáywaH

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Alternative forms

• *cáyHwaH

Etymology

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćáyHwaH (“precious; treasure”) (whence Sanskrit शेव (śéva, “dear, precious”)), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱéyH-weh₂, from *ḱeyH-.

Noun

*cáywaH f

1. apple

Inflection

aH-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*cáywaH	*cáyway	*cáywāh
vocative	*cáyway	*cáyway	*cáywāh
accusative	*cáywām	*cáyway	*cáywāh
instrumental	*cáywayaH	*cáywaHbyā	*cáywaHbiš
ablative	*cáywayaHh	*cáywaHbyā	*cáywaHbyah
dative	*cáywayaHy	*cáywaHbyā	*cáywaHbyah
genitive	*cáywayaHh	*cáywāyāh	*cáywaHnām
locative	*cáywayaH	*cáywāyaw	*cáywaHsu

Descendants

• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Baluchi: سوپ (sóp)
  • Kurdish:

    Central Kurdish: سێو (sêw)

    Northern Kurdish: sêv

    Southern Kurdish: سێف (sêf)

    Laki: سێف (sêf)

  • Proto-Medo-Parthian: *sáywā
    • Caspian:
      • Gilaki: سئب (seb)
      • Gurgani: [Term?] (sep)
      • Old Mazanderani: سه (se)
        • Aftari: [script needed] (sey)
        • Mazanderani: سه (se), سف (sef), سیف (sīf)
        • Yushiji: [script needed] (sif), [script needed] (sefak)
    • Old Median: *sáywā
      • Middle Median: *sḗwa
        • Alviri-Vidari: سیب (sīb)
        • Kermanic:

          Abuzeydabadi, Abyanehi, Naraqi, Mahallati, Qalhari, Qohrudi: sōw

          Badrudi, Farizandi, Hanjani: sou

          Jowshaqani, Komjani, Tarehi, Yarandi: sāv

          Meymehi: sō

        • Sivandi: sōw, sōwe
        • Tafreshi:

          Amorehi: [script needed] (söa)

          Ashtiani, Vafsi: [script needed] (siya)

          Kahaki: [script needed] (siye)

        • Proto-Tatic: *sḗwa
          • Old Tati:

            Old Azari: سیو (sīw)

            • Central Tati:

              Asalemi, Taleshdulabi: سیف (sif)

              Karganrudi: سهف (sef)

              Lavandvili: سیف (sēf)

            • Northern Tati:

              Harzani: سو (sev)

              Karingani: سیو (siv)

            • Southern Tati: f

              Chali Tati, Ebrahimabadi, Takestani: اسیفا (asifa)

              Sagzabadi: اسوا (asua)

              Takestani: اسیفه (asife)

          • Talysh:
            • Northern Talysh:

              Lankarani: sef

            • Southern Talysh:

              Masali: سیف (sif)

              Masulei: سهف (sef)

    • Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
      • Gurani: ساۋێ (sāvi), سەۋێ (savi)
      • Zazaki: sa, say, saye, sawî
• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Middle Persian:

    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (syp̄ /⁠sēb⁠/)

    • Bakhtiari: سیڤ (sīv), سیو (seyw)
    • Northern Luri: سؽڤ (sêv)
    • Classical Persian: سیب (sēb), سیو (sēw)
      • Dari: سیب (sēb)
      • Iranian Persian: سیب (sīb)
      • Tajik: ceб (seb)
      • → Hindustani:

        Hindi: सेब (seb)

        Urdu: سیب (seb)

      • → Kannada: ಸೇಬು (sēbu)
      • → Odia: ସେବ (seba)
      • → Pashto: سېب (seb), سېو (sew)
      • → Parachi: sēb, sēw (“apple, female breast”)
      • → Punjabi:

        Gurmukhi script: ਸੇਬ (seb)

        Shahmukhi script: سیب (seb)

      • → Rohingya: sép
      • → Wakhi: sēb (“small apple”)
      • → Yagnobi: ceб (sēb)
• → Sanskrit: सेव n (seva), सेवि n (sevi) (see there for further descendants)

Further reading

• Borjian, Habib (2008) “The Extinct Language of Gurgan: Its Sources and Origins”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society, page 700
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) “seva-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 520
• Morgenstierne, Georg (1973) “Chapter 7: Feminine nouns in -a in Western Iranian dialects”, in Irano-Dardica (Beiträge zur Iranistik; 5), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN