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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/kʰáras

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This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

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Etymology

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Unknown; possibly borrowed from the BMAC substrate.[1] Probably not related to Akkadian 𒀲𒄩𒀀𒊏𒄠 (ḫa-a-ra-am /⁠ḫārum⁠/, male ass, foal), 𒀲𒀀𒅀𒊏𒄠 (a-ia-ra-am /⁠ayarum⁠/, donkey),[2] likely borrowed from Proto-West Semitic *ʕayr- (ass).[3] Compare, however, Albanian kërr.

Noun

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*kʰáras m[4]

  1. donkey

Declension

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masculine a-stem
singular dual plural
nominative *kʰáras *kʰárā *kʰárā, -ās(as)
vocative *kʰára *kʰárā *kʰárā, -ās(as)
accusative *kʰáram *kʰárā *kʰárāns
instrumental *kʰárā *kʰáraybʰyaH, -ābʰyām *kʰárāyš
ablative *kʰárāt *kʰáraybʰyaH, -ābʰyām *kʰáraybʰyas
dative *kʰárāy *kʰáraybʰyaH, -ābʰyām *kʰáraybʰyas
genitive *kʰárasya *kʰárayās *kʰárāna(H)m
locative *kʰáray *kʰárayaw *kʰárayšu

Descendants

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  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kʰáras
  • Proto-Iranian: *xárah
    • Central Iranian:
    • Northeastern Iranian:
      • Proto-Scythian:
        • Ossetian: хӕрӕг (xæræg)
        • Proto-Saka-Wakhi:
          • Khotanese: 𑀔𑀭𑀸 (kharā /⁠kharä⁠/)
            • Tocharian B: [Term?] (khare)
          • Wakhi: (/⁠xūr⁠/)
            Arabic script: خؤر
            Cyrillic script: хур (xur)
      • Sogdo-Bactrian:
        • Bactrian: χαρο (xaro /⁠xar⁠/)
        • Khwarezmian: خر (xr /⁠*xar⁠/)
        • Sogdian: (/⁠xar⁠/)
          Sogdian script: γ𐽀 (γr)
          Syriac script: ܓܪ (γr)
        • Yagnobi: хар (xar)
    • Southeastern Iranian:
      • Ormuri-Parachi:
      • Pamiri languages:
        • Ishkashimi: [script needed] (xur)
        • Sanglechi: [script needed] (xōr)
        • Munji: خره (xara)
        • Yidgha: خورُ (xoro)
        • Sarikoli: [script needed] (šer)
        • Shughni:
          Bartangi: шу̊р (šū̊r)
          Roshani: шор (šōr)
        • Yazghulami: хур (xur)
      • Pashto: خر (xar), خره (xrë, pl.)
    • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Southwestern Iranian:
      • Old Persian: *𐎧𐎼 (*x-r /⁠*xara⁠/)
        Old Persian: *𐎧𐎼𐎱𐎫 (*x-r-p-t /⁠*xarapati⁠/, donky's owner)
        • Elamite: [script needed] (qarabatti)
        • Middle Persian: (/⁠xar⁠/, donkey)
          Manichaean script: 𐫟𐫡 (xr)
          Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (HMRA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hl)
          Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭧𐭬𐭥𐭠 (ḤMRA)
          • Classical Persian: خر (xar, donkey, ass)
            Dari: خر (xar)
            Iranian Persian: خر (xar)
            Tajik: хар (xar)
            • Azerbaijani: xər/ خر (xər /⁠xar⁠/)
            • Ottoman Turkish: خر (hır)
          • Lurish:
            Bakhtiari: خر (xar), هر (har)

References

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  1. ^ Witzel, Michael (2003) Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia (Sino-Platonic Papers; 129)‎[1], Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, page 29
  2. ^ Schmitt, Rüdiger (2017–2018) “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Indo-Iranian, page 1948
  3. ^ “ḫāru”, in The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (CAD)[2], volume 6, Ḫ, Chicago: University of Chicago Oriental Institute, 1956, page 118
  4. ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University