Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kres-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*kres-^[1]

^? to move, be agitated
spring, surge, wave

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kres- (2 c, 0 e)

*krós-e(-ti) (o-grade stative or present)
- Proto-Germanic: *hrasaną
  - ⇒? *hrōzaz (“active, stirring”), *hrōzō^{[note 1]} (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒? *hrōzijaną (“to stir”) (or from the adjective) (see there for further descendants)
*kros-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *krásīˀtei
  - >? Proto-Slavic: *krasìti (“to decorate”)^[2] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krāsáyati
  - Proto-Iranian: *krāsáyati
    - ⇒? *fra-krāsáyati
      - ⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬁-𐬑𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (frā-xrā̊ŋhaiia, “to be shocked”)^{[note 1]}
*krós-neh₂ ~ *kr̥s-néh₂-s^?
- ⇒ *kros-néh₂
  - Proto-Germanic: *hraznō (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *kros-nós^[3]^[4]
  - Proto-Albanian: (*krasna >) *krāna
    - Albanian: krua
  - Proto-Hellenic: *krosnós
    - Ancient Greek: κρουνός (krounós)
- ⇒ *kŕ̥s-neh₂^[5]
  - Proto-Hellenic: (*krə́snā >) *krásnā^{[note 2]}
    - Aeolic Greek: κράννᾱ (kránnā)
    - Attic Greek: κρήνη (krḗnē)
    - Doric Greek: κρᾱ́νᾱ (krā́nā)

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Or from a separate root *kreHs-; see Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hrōzjan”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 250.
^ Beekes expresses doubt that vocalic *-r̥- is the reason for Greek -ra- given that the same sound is found in the other branches.

References

^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 539
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xrōzjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 189
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “krua ~ krue”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 198
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κρουνός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 785
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κρήνη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 777

[note1-2] 1.0 ^1.1 Or from a separate root *kreHs-; see Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hrōzjan”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 250.

[note2-7] Beekes expresses doubt that vocalic *-r̥- is the reason for Greek -ra- given that the same sound is found in the other branches.

[1] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 539

[3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xrōzjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 189

[4] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “krua ~ krue”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 198

[5] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κρουνός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 785

[6] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κρήνη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 777

[1]

[note 1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[note 2]