Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂erh₃-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₂erh₃-^[1]

to plough

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂erh₃- (17 c, 0 e)

*h₂ér-ye-ti (ye-present)^[1]
*h₂érh₃-tro-m (“ard, plough”)
*h₂érh₃-wr̥ ~ *h₂r̥h₃-wén̥-s (“grain, corn”)^[2]
- Proto-Celtic: *arwar ~ *arwens^[3]
  - Old Irish: arbor ~ arbae
    - Irish: arbhar
    - Scottish Gaelic: arbhar
- *h₂erh₃-wr̥-ih₂ (“cropland”)
  - Proto-Hellenic: *ároura
    - Ancient Greek: ἄρουρα (ároura)
- *h₂r̥h₃-wé-reh₂ (“fertile soil”)
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥HwáraH
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥HwáraH
      - Sanskrit: उर्वरा (urvárā)
    - Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥HwáraH
      - Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬁 (uruuarā)
*h₂erh₃-wós (“arable”)
- Proto-Celtic: *arwī
  - Breton: erv
  - Cornish: erow
  - Welsh: erw
- Proto-Italic: *arawos
  - Latin: arvus
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *arw-
  - Proto-Slavic: *orvьnъ
(uncertain) *h₂r̥h₃-eh₂ (“fertile soil”)
- Proto-Albanian: *arwa
  - Albanian: arë
Unsorted formations:
- (possibly) Indo-Iranian: *áryas (“Aryan”) (see there for further descendants)
- Latgalian: aramaite (“ploughed field, arable land”)
- Old Armenian: հարաւունք (harawunkʻ) < *h₂erh₃-won-
- Old Armenian: արաւս (araws) (possibly)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “h₂erh₃-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 322ff.
^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 205

Wikander, Ola (2008) Ett träd med vida grenar: de indoeuropeiska språkens historia (in Swedish), Stockholm: Prisma, →ISBN

[Ringe_2006-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[NIL-2] Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “h₂erh₃-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 322ff.

[3] Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 205

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