Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁wers-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*Hwers-^[1]^[2]
*h₂wers-^[3]
*wers-^[4]

Root

*h₁wers-^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

to rain

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁wers- (22 c, 0 e)

*h₁wérs-e-ti
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwáršati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwárṣati
    - Sanskrit: वर्षति (várṣati)
*h₁wors-éye-ti
- Proto-Hellenic: *eworhéyō
  - Ancient Greek: οὐρέω (ouréō)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: οὖρον (oûron)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwaršáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwarṣáyati
    - Sanskrit: वर्षयति (varṣáyati)
*h₁wr̥s-yé-ti
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - >? Hittite: [Term?] (/⁠warsiyezzi⁠/)
*h₁wérs-os^[5]
- Proto-Hellenic: *ewérsā
  - Ancient Greek: ἕρση (hérsē, “dew”)
*h₁wr̥s-tó-s
- Proto-Celtic: *wrastos^[6]
  - Old Irish: fros (“rain-shower”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwr̥štás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwr̥ṣṭás
    - Sanskrit: वृष्ट (vṛṣṭá)
  - Proto-Iranian: *Hwr̥štáh
    - Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬡𐬌𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙𐬀 (aⁱβivar^əšta, “rained upon”)
*h₁wérs-ti-s ~ *h₁wr̥s-téy-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwŕ̥štiš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwŕ̥ṣṭiṣ
    - Sanskrit: वृष्टि (vṛṣṭí)
*pro-h₁wérs ~ *pro-h₁wr̥s-és (with *pro- (“forth”))
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *praHwŕ̥š (“rain”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *praHwŕ̥ṣ
    - Sanskrit: प्रावृष् (prāvṛ́ṣ)
*h₁wers-óm
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwaršám
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hwarṣám
    - Sanskrit: वर्ष n or m (varṣá) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Anatolian:
- >? Hittite: [Term?] (/⁠warsa⁠/, “fog, mist”)^[9]
Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Iranian:
  - Gurani: [script needed] (wišani), [script needed] (wašt)

References

^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “VARṢ”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 522
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “varṣ [1]”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 559-560
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₂u̯ers-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 291-2
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 81
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἕρση”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wrasto-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 429
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 98
^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) “*h₁u̯ers-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[2]
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 971-2

[1] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “VARṢ”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 522

[2] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “varṣ [1]”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 559-560

[3] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₂u̯ers-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 291-2

[4] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 81

[B-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἕρση”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465

[EDPC-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wrasto-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 429

[7] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 98

[8] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) “*h₁u̯ers-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[2]

[9] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 971-2

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