Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱes-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kes-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ḱes-

to cut.
Synonym: *sek-

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic, active only
3rd singular	*ḱésti
3rd plural	*ḱsénti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*ḱésmi	*ḱésm̥	—	*ḱésoh₂	*ḱsyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*ḱési	*ḱés	ḱés, ḱsdʰí	*ḱésesi	*ḱsyéh₁s
3rd singular	*ḱésti	*ḱést	*ḱéstu	*ḱéseti	*ḱsyéh₁t
1st dual	*ḱswós	*ḱswé	—	*ḱésowos	*ḱsih₁wé
2nd dual	*ḱstés	*ḱstóm	*ḱstóm	*ḱésetes	*ḱsih₁tóm
3rd dual	*ḱstés	*ḱstā́m	*ḱstā́m	*ḱésetes	*ḱsih₁tā́m
1st plural	*ḱsmós	*ḱsmé	—	*ḱésomos	*ḱsih₁mé
2nd plural	*ḱsté	*ḱsté	*ḱsté	*ḱésete	*ḱsih₁té
3rd plural	*ḱsénti	*ḱsént	*ḱséntu	*ḱésonti	*ḱsih₁ént

Participle	*ḱsónts

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱes- (2 c, 0 e)

*ḱes-eh₁ye-ti
- Proto-Italic: *kazēō
  - Latin: careō
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: castus
*ḱs-ewl-os
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śjaulas
  - Proto-Slavic: *šulъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *sūliz (“beam, post”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-West Germanic: *sūli (“pillar”) (see there for further descendants)
    - Old High German: sūl
*ḱs-to-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: castus
*ḱs-so-?
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: cassus
*ḱs-trom
- Proto-Albanian: *tsatrā
  - Albanian: thadër
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćastrám
  - Sanskrit: शस्त्र (śastra)
    - → Hindi: शस्त्र (śastra) (learned)
    - → Odia: ଶସ୍ତ୍ର (śastra) (learned)
    - → Old Javanese: śastra
      - → Balinese: ᬲᬵᬲ᭄ᬢ᭄ᬭ (sastra, “arrow”)
    - →⇒ Telugu: శస్త్రము (śastramu)
    - →⇒ Punjabi: ਸ਼ਸਤਰ (śastar)
- Proto-Italic: *kastrom (“knife; cut-off part”)
  - Latin: castrum (“castle, fortress”)^[1]
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic: *kastrāō
    - Latin: castrō (“I prune, castrate”)^[2]

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “castrum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 97
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “castrō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 97

[1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “castrum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 97

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “castrō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 97

[1]

[2]