Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/uhnaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

• *ugnaz (North Germanic)
• *ufnaz (North Germanic, West Germanic)

Etymology

Ascribed to a Proto-Indo-European root *h₂uk-, *h₂ewk- (“a closed container or vessel for cooking; cookpot; oven”) or similar by equation with Sanskrit उखा (ukhā), Albanian anë, Ancient Greek ἰπνός (ipnós), Latin ōlla. It is unclear whether the byform *ufnaz (Proto-West Germanic *ofn) is the same word, or represents a different word altogether. More at *aflaz.

Kroonen suggests that the word is a Wanderwort from a pre-IE substrate language, adducing Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾𒀸 (ḫa-ap-pé-na-aš /⁠ḫapːenas⁠/, “baking kiln, fire-pit, broiler (oven)”), Old Prussian wumpnis (“oven”) as additional cognates. Native terms for ovens and stoves are not taken for granted: the East Slavic term плита́ (plitá, “stove”) appears from Ancient Greek in the Middle Ages, against the earlier new formation печь (pečʹ, “oven”), and Arabic, in a warmer climate, seems to have many but no native terms: أَتُّون (ʔattūn), تَنُّور (tannūr), فُرْن (furn), قَمِين (qamīn).

Noun

*uhnaz m

1. oven; furnace

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *uhnaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*uhnaz	*uhnōz, *uhnōs
vocative	*uhn	*uhnōz, *uhnōs
accusative	*uhną	*uhnanz
genitive	*uhnas, *uhnis	*uhnǫ̂
dative	*uhnai	*uhnamaz
instrumental	*uhnō	*uhnamiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *ofn
  • Old English: ofn, ofen
    • Middle English: oven
      • Scots: ovin, uven, une
      • English: oven
  • Old Frisian: oven
    • North Frisian: oven, ouvn
    • Saterland Frisian: Ougend (< *ogn ?)
    • West Frisian: ûne, ûn
  • Old Saxon: *ovan
    • Middle Low German: ōven
      • German Low German: Aven
  • Old Dutch: *ovan
    • Middle Dutch: ōven
      • Dutch: oven
        • Afrikaans: oond
        • Negerhollands: oven
        • → Caribbean Javanese: ofen
        • → Indonesian: oven
        • → Sranan Tongo: onfu
          • → Saramaccan: ónfu
      • Limburgish: aove
      • West Flemish: oven
      • Zealandic: oven
  • Old High German: ofan, ovan
    • Middle High German: oven, ofen
      • Central Franconian: Ovve, Owe, Oawe, Uawe (Moselle Franconian)
        • Hunsrik: Ove
        • Luxembourgish: Uewen
        • Transylvanian Saxon: Owen, Îewen
      • German: Ofen
      • Vilamovian: uwa
      • Yiddish: אויוון (oyvn)
• Old Norse: ofn, omn; *ogn
  • Icelandic: ofn
  • Faroese: ovnur
  • Old Norwegian: ovn; ogn
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: omn
    • Norwegian: (dialectal) ogn, obn, ovn (South Western Norway); obm, om, ømn, umn
  • Old Swedish: oghn, ughn
    • Swedish: ugn
    • → Finnish: uuni
  • Old Danish: ofn; ouæn
    • Danish: ovn
      • Norwegian Bokmål: ovn
• Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌽𐍃 (auhns)
• → Proto-Finnic: *uunas (see there for further descendants)