Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/truttōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *dr̥tnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *trudaną (“to tread”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtrut.tɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*truttōną.

1. to tread, trample, trot

Inflection

The original paradigm consisted of two stem variants, singular *trutt- against non-singular *trud-.

Conjugation of *truttōną (weak class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*truttō	*truttǭ	—	*truttōi	?
2nd singular	*truttōsi	*truttōs	*truttō	*truttōsai	*truttōsau
3rd singular	*truttōþi	*truttō	*truttōþau	*truttōþai	*truttōþau
1st dual	*truttōs	*truttōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*truttōþiz	*truttōþiz	*truttōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*truttōmaz	*truttōm	—	*truttōnþai	*truttōnþau
2nd plural	*truttōþ	*truttōþ	*truttōþ	*truttōnþai	*truttōnþau
3rd plural	*truttōnþi	*truttōn	*truttōnþau	*truttōnþai	*truttōnþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*truttōdǭ	*truttōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*truttōdēz	*truttōdēdīz
3rd singular	*truttōdē	*truttōdēdī
1st dual	*truttōdēdū	*truttōdēdīw
2nd dual	*truttōdēdudiz	*truttōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*truttōdēdum	*truttōdēdīm
2nd plural	*truttōdēdud	*truttōdēdīd
3rd plural	*truttōdēdun	*truttōdēdīn
	present	past
participles	*truttōndz	*truttōdaz

Descendants

West germanic has two further variants one continuing the zero-grade vowel from *tredaną and the other from *trudaną

• Proto-West Germanic: *trottōn
  • Old English: tryddian (with unexpected umlaut)
  • Old Frisian: trottia
    • West Frisian: troaie
  • Old Dutch: *trotton, *troton
    • Middle Dutch: trotten, troten, troden, torten, torden
      • Dutch: trotten, troten, torten, torden
  • Old High German: trotōn
    • Middle High German: trotten, troten
  • → Medieval Latin: *trottō, *trotō
    • Old French: troter, trotter
      • → Middle English: trotten
        • English: trot
• ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *trettōn
  • Old English: treddian
  • Old Frisian: *treddia
    • West Frisian: tredzje, tredje
  • Old Saxon: *treddōn
    • Middle Low German: tredden, trēden
  • Old Dutch: *treddon, *tretton
    • Middle Dutch: tredden, tretten
  • Old High German: trettōn
    • Middle High German: tretten, treten
• Old Norse: *troða
  • Elfdalian: troðå