Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/targijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

• *terganą

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *derHgʰ- (“to pull, tug, irritate”). Cognate with Russian дёргать (djórgatʹ, “to pull, yank, jerk, pluck up”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtɑr.ɣi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*targijaną

1. to pull; yank; tug; tease
2. to irritate

Inflection

Conjugation of *targijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*targijō	*targijaų	—	*targijai	?
2nd singular	*targīsi	*targijais	*targī	*targijasai	*targijaisau
3rd singular	*targīþi	*targijai	*targijaþau	*targijaþai	*targijaiþau
1st dual	*targijōs	*targijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*targijaþiz	*targijaiþiz	*targijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*targijamaz	*targijaim	—	*targijanþai	*targijainþau
2nd plural	*targīþ	*targijaiþ	*targīþ	*targijanþai	*targijainþau
3rd plural	*targijanþi	*targijain	*targijanþau	*targijanþai	*targijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*targidǭ	*targidēdį̄
2nd singular	*targidēz	*targidēdīz
3rd singular	*targidē	*targidēdī
1st dual	*targidēdū	*targidēdīw
2nd dual	*targidēdudiz	*targidēdīdiz
1st plural	*targidēdum	*targidēdīm
2nd plural	*targidēdud	*targidēdīd
3rd plural	*targidēdun	*targidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*targijandz	*targidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *targijan
  • Old English: tergan, tiergan, tyrgan, tirgan, tirian; tierwan
    • Middle English: terien, tarien, taryen; terȝen
      • Scots: tarrow
      • English: tarry
  • Old Frisian: *tergia, *targia
    • Saterland Frisian: taagje (possibly from Low German)
    • West Frisian: tergje
  • Old Saxon: *targian, *tergian
    • Middle Low German: tergen, targen
      • German Low German: targen
      • → Danish: tærge
      • → Norwegian: terge
      • → Swedish: targa
  • Old Dutch: *tergen
    • Middle Dutch: tergen, terghen
      • Dutch: tergen
  • Old High German: zergen
    • Middle High German: *zergen
      • German: zergen
  • Lombardic: *zergen
    • → Vulgar Latin: *zergō
      • Italian: zerigare (Tuscan)
      • ⇒ Venetan: inzeregà
      • ⇒ Italian: zerga (“anger”)
        • ⇒ Italian: inzergassi