Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stabnijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈstɑβ.ni.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Etymology 1

From *stabnō (“voice”) +‎ *-janą.

Verb

*stabnijaną

1. to make oneself be heard
2. to tune an instrument
3. to vote

Inflection

Conjugation of *stabnijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stabnijō	*stabnijaų	—	*stabnijai	?
2nd singular	*stabnīsi	*stabnijais	*stabnī	*stabnijasai	*stabnijaisau
3rd singular	*stabnīþi	*stabnijai	*stabnijaþau	*stabnijaþai	*stabnijaiþau
1st dual	*stabnijōs	*stabnijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*stabnijaþiz	*stabnijaiþiz	*stabnijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*stabnijamaz	*stabnijaim	—	*stabnijanþai	*stabnijainþau
2nd plural	*stabnīþ	*stabnijaiþ	*stabnīþ	*stabnijanþai	*stabnijainþau
3rd plural	*stabnijanþi	*stabnijain	*stabnijanþau	*stabnijanþai	*stabnijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stabnidǭ	*stabnidēdį̄
2nd singular	*stabnidēz	*stabnidēdīz
3rd singular	*stabnidē	*stabnidēdī
1st dual	*stabnidēdū	*stabnidēdīw
2nd dual	*stabnidēdudiz	*stabnidēdīdiz
1st plural	*stabnidēdum	*stabnidēdīm
2nd plural	*stabnidēdud	*stabnidēdīd
3rd plural	*stabnidēdun	*stabnidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*stabnijandz	*stabnidaz

Alternative reconstructions

• *stamnijaną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *stabnijan
  • Old English: stemnan, stefnan
    • Middle English: stemmen, stevenen
  • Old Frisian: *stemma
    • West Frisian: stimme
    • ⇒ Old Frisian: tōjēnisstemma
  • Old Saxon: *stemnian
    • Middle Low German: stemmen
      • → Norwegian: stemme
      • → Swedish: stämma
      • → Danish: stemme
  • Old Dutch: *stemnen
    • Middle Dutch: stemmen
      • Dutch: stemmen
  • >? Old High German: *stimmen (< *stibnijan?)
    • Middle High German: stimmen
      • German: stimmen
    • ⇒ Old High German: gistimmen
• Old Norse: stefna
  • Icelandic: stefna

Etymology 2

From *stabnaz (“stem of a ship”) +‎ *-janą.

Verb

*stabnijaną

1. to direct, steer

Inflection

Conjugation of *stabnijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stabnijō	*stabnijaų	—	*stabnijai	?
2nd singular	*stabnīsi	*stabnijais	*stabnī	*stabnijasai	*stabnijaisau
3rd singular	*stabnīþi	*stabnijai	*stabnijaþau	*stabnijaþai	*stabnijaiþau
1st dual	*stabnijōs	*stabnijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*stabnijaþiz	*stabnijaiþiz	*stabnijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*stabnijamaz	*stabnijaim	—	*stabnijanþai	*stabnijainþau
2nd plural	*stabnīþ	*stabnijaiþ	*stabnīþ	*stabnijanþai	*stabnijainþau
3rd plural	*stabnijanþi	*stabnijain	*stabnijanþau	*stabnijanþai	*stabnijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stabnidǭ	*stabnidēdį̄
2nd singular	*stabnidēz	*stabnidēdīz
3rd singular	*stabnidē	*stabnidēdī
1st dual	*stabnidēdū	*stabnidēdīw
2nd dual	*stabnidēdudiz	*stabnidēdīdiz
1st plural	*stabnidēdum	*stabnidēdīm
2nd plural	*stabnidēdud	*stabnidēdīd
3rd plural	*stabnidēdun	*stabnidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*stabnijandz	*stabnidaz

Alternative reconstructions

• *stamnijaną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *stabnijan
  • Old English: *stefnan
    • Middle English: stevenen
  • Old Saxon: *stefnian
    • Middle Low German: stēvenen, stefnen
  • Old Dutch: *stefnen
    • Middle Dutch: *stēvenen
      • Dutch: stevenen
• Old Norse: stefna
  • Icelandic: stefna
  • Faroese: stefna
  • Norwegian:

    Norwegian Bokmål: stemne, stevne

    Norwegian Nynorsk: stemne, stemna