Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/naudijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *naudiz (“need”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈnau̯.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*naudijaną

1. to compel, to force

Inflection

Conjugation of *naudijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*naudijō	*naudijaų	—	*naudijai	?
2nd singular	*naudīsi	*naudijais	*naudī	*naudijasai	*naudijaisau
3rd singular	*naudīþi	*naudijai	*naudijaþau	*naudijaþai	*naudijaiþau
1st dual	*naudijōs	*naudijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*naudijaþiz	*naudijaiþiz	*naudijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*naudijamaz	*naudijaim	—	*naudijanþai	*naudijainþau
2nd plural	*naudīþ	*naudijaiþ	*naudīþ	*naudijanþai	*naudijainþau
3rd plural	*naudijanþi	*naudijain	*naudijanþau	*naudijanþai	*naudijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*naudidǭ	*naudidēdį̄
2nd singular	*naudidēz	*naudidēdīz
3rd singular	*naudidē	*naudidēdī
1st dual	*naudidēdū	*naudidēdīw
2nd dual	*naudidēdudiz	*naudidēdīdiz
1st plural	*naudidēdum	*naudidēdīm
2nd plural	*naudidēdud	*naudidēdīd
3rd plural	*naudidēdun	*naudidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*naudijandz	*naudidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *naudijan
  • Old English: nīedan, nīdan, nȳdan, nēdan
    • Middle English: neden, nede, niede
      • Yola: ee-naate (ppl)
  • Old Frisian: nēda
    • West Frisian: needzje
  • Old Saxon: nōdian
    • Middle Low German: nȫden, nôden
  • Old Dutch: *nōdon
    • Middle Dutch: nôden
      • Dutch: noden
        • → West Frisian: noadzje
  • Old High German: nōten
    • Middle High German: nœten
• Old Norse: neyða
  • Icelandic: neyða
  • Danish: nøde
• Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (nauþjan)