Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/liþōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈli.θɔː.nɑ̃/

Etymology 1

Likely from *liþuz (“joint, limb”) +‎ *-ōną.

Verb

*liþōną

1. to cut, divide, dissect
2. to bend
3. to organize, to put in order

Inflection

Conjugation of *liþōną (weak class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*liþō	*liþǭ	—	*liþōi	?
2nd singular	*liþōsi	*liþōs	*liþō	*liþōsai	*liþōsau
3rd singular	*liþōþi	*liþō	*liþōþau	*liþōþai	*liþōþau
1st dual	*liþōs	*liþōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*liþōþiz	*liþōþiz	*liþōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*liþōmaz	*liþōm	—	*liþōnþai	*liþōnþau
2nd plural	*liþōþ	*liþōþ	*liþōþ	*liþōnþai	*liþōnþau
3rd plural	*liþōnþi	*liþōn	*liþōnþau	*liþōnþai	*liþōnþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*liþōdǭ	*liþōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*liþōdēz	*liþōdēdīz
3rd singular	*liþōdē	*liþōdēdī
1st dual	*liþōdēdū	*liþōdēdīw
2nd dual	*liþōdēdudiz	*liþōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*liþōdēdum	*liþōdēdīm
2nd plural	*liþōdēdud	*liþōdēdīd
3rd plural	*liþōdēdun	*liþōdēdīn
	present	past
participles	*liþōndz	*liþōdaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *liþōn
  • Old English: lioþian
  • Old Frisian: *lethia
    • ⇒ Old Frisian: oflethinge
  • Old High German: lidōn
    • Middle High German: liden
• Old Norse: liða

Etymology 2

Closely related to the strong verb *līþaną (“to go, pass”).

Verb

*liþōną

1. to lead, go
2. to endure, suffer

Inflection

Conjugation of *liþōną (weak class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*liþō	*liþǭ	—	*liþōi	?
2nd singular	*liþōsi	*liþōs	*liþō	*liþōsai	*liþōsau
3rd singular	*liþōþi	*liþō	*liþōþau	*liþōþai	*liþōþau
1st dual	*liþōs	*liþōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*liþōþiz	*liþōþiz	*liþōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*liþōmaz	*liþōm	—	*liþōnþai	*liþōnþau
2nd plural	*liþōþ	*liþōþ	*liþōþ	*liþōnþai	*liþōnþau
3rd plural	*liþōnþi	*liþōn	*liþōnþau	*liþōnþai	*liþōnþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*liþōdǭ	*liþōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*liþōdēz	*liþōdēdīz
3rd singular	*liþōdē	*liþōdēdī
1st dual	*liþōdēdū	*liþōdēdīw
2nd dual	*liþōdēdudiz	*liþōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*liþōdēdum	*liþōdēdīm
2nd plural	*liþōdēdud	*liþōdēdīd
3rd plural	*liþōdēdun	*liþōdēdīn
	present	past
participles	*liþōndz	*liþōdaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *liþōn
  • Old English: liþian, lioþian
  • Old Saxon: lithōn
    • Middle Low German: leden, lēden, leeden (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *laidijan)
      • (German Low German: leiden)
• Old Norse: liða