Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/helpaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Appears to derive from a Proto-Indo-European *ḱelb-, *ḱelp- (“to help”), with Lithuanian šel̃pti (“to help, support”) as a cognate; however, there are subtle phono-grammatical issues (for which see Kroonen for more), in addition to the seemingly-related Lithuanian gélbėti (“to help”) being phonetically irreconcilable with regular sound laws.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxel.pɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*helpaną

1. to help

Inflection

Conjugation of *helpaną (strong class 3)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*helpō	*helpaų	—	*helpai	?
2nd singular	*hilpizi	*helpaiz	*help	*helpazai	*helpaizau
3rd singular	*hilpidi	*helpai	*helpadau	*helpadai	*helpaidau
1st dual	*helpōz	*helpaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*helpadiz	*helpaidiz	*helpadiz	—	—
1st plural	*helpamaz	*helpaim	—	*helpandai	*helpaindau
2nd plural	*hilpid	*helpaid	*hilpid	*helpandai	*helpaindau
3rd plural	*helpandi	*helpain	*helpandau	*helpandai	*helpaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*halp	*hulpį̄
2nd singular	*halft	*hulpīz
3rd singular	*halp	*hulpī
1st dual	*hulpū	*hulpīw
2nd dual	*hulpudiz	*hulpīdiz
1st plural	*hulpum	*hulpīm
2nd plural	*hulpud	*hulpīd
3rd plural	*hulpun	*hulpīn
	present	past
participles	*helpandz	*hulpanaz

Related terms

• *helpō
• *hulpiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *helpan
  • Old English: helpan
    • Middle English: helpen, help, elp, helpi, healpe, heolpe, halpen, hælpan
      • English: help
      • Scots: help
      • Yola: help
  • Old Frisian: helpa
    • North Frisian: heelpe, halep

      Sylt: help

    • Saterland Frisian: hälpe
    • West Frisian: helpe
  • Old Saxon: helpan
    • Middle Low German: helpen
      • German Low German: helpen, hölpen
  • Old Dutch: helpan
    • Middle Dutch: helpen
      • Dutch: helpen
        • Afrikaans: help
        • Berbice Creole Dutch: helpu
        • Javindo: helpen
        • Jersey Dutch: hälpe
        • Negerhollands: help
        • Skepi Creole Dutch: halp
        • → Caribbean Javanese: hèlep, ngèlep
      • Limburgish: hèlpe
  • Old High German: helfan
    • Middle High German: helfen
      • Central Franconian: hellepe
      • Cimbrian: hölfan
      • German: helfen
      • Luxembourgish: hëllefen
      • Yiddish: העלפֿן (helfn)
• Old Norse: hjalpa
  • Icelandic: hjálpa
  • Faroese: hjálpa
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: hjelpa; (dialectal) hjalpa, hjålpa, hjølpa, hjòlpa, helpa
  • Norwegian Bokmål: hjelpe
  • Old Swedish: hiælpa
    • Swedish: hjälpa
  • Danish: hjælpe
• Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌰𐌽 (hilpan)
• → Proto-Finnic: *këlbat'ak (see there for further descendants)