Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hawjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kowh₁-éye-ti, a causative o-grade formation from *(s)kewh₁- (“to observe, perceive”).^[1] Older theories derived the word from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew- (“to cut, hew, equip”), comparing Ancient Greek σκεῦος (skeûos, “vessel, device”),^[2] or from Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to cut, hew”).^[3]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxɑu̯.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hawjaną

to carry out; perform; execute; fulfil

Inflection

Conjugation of *hawjaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hawjō	*hawjaų	—	*hawjai	?
2nd singular	*hawisi	*hawjais	*hawi	*hawjasai	*hawjaisau
3rd singular	*hawiþi	*hawjai	*hawjaþau	*hawjaþai	*hawjaiþau
1st dual	*hawjōs	*hawjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hawjaþiz	*hawjaiþiz	*hawjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hawjamaz	*hawjaim	—	*hawjanþai	*hawjainþau
2nd plural	*hawiþ	*hawjaiþ	*hawiþ	*hawjanþai	*hawjainþau
3rd plural	*hawjanþi	*hawjain	*hawjanþau	*hawjanþai	*hawjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hawidǭ	*hawidēdį̄
2nd singular	*hawidēz	*hawidēdīz
3rd singular	*hawidē	*hawidēdī
1st dual	*hawidēdū	*hawidēdīw
2nd dual	*hawidēdudiz	*hawidēdīdiz
1st plural	*hawidēdum	*hawidēdīm
2nd plural	*hawidēdud	*hawidēdīd
3rd plural	*hawidēdun	*hawidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*hawjandz	*hawidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hauwjan
- Old English: hīeġan, hēġan, hīġan
- Old Frisian: hēia
Old Norse: heyja
- Icelandic: heyja

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*haujan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 215-216
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “(s)keu-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 950–951
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xawjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 167

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*haujan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 215-216

[2] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “(s)keu-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 950–951

[3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xawjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 167

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