Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/halþijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *halþaz (“sloping, inclined”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxɑl.θi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*halþijaną

1. to make incline, tilt, incline

Inflection

Conjugation of *halþijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*halþijō	*halþijaų	—	*halþijai	?
2nd singular	*halþīsi	*halþijais	*halþī	*halþijasai	*halþijaisau
3rd singular	*halþīþi	*halþijai	*halþijaþau	*halþijaþai	*halþijaiþau
1st dual	*halþijōs	*halþijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*halþijaþiz	*halþijaiþiz	*halþijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*halþijamaz	*halþijaim	—	*halþijanþai	*halþijainþau
2nd plural	*halþīþ	*halþijaiþ	*halþīþ	*halþijanþai	*halþijainþau
3rd plural	*halþijanþi	*halþijain	*halþijanþau	*halþijanþai	*halþijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*halþidǭ	*halþidēdį̄
2nd singular	*halþidēz	*halþidēdīz
3rd singular	*halþidē	*halþidēdī
1st dual	*halþidēdū	*halþidēdīw
2nd dual	*halþidēdudiz	*halþidēdīdiz
1st plural	*halþidēdum	*halþidēdīm
2nd plural	*halþidēdud	*halþidēdīd
3rd plural	*halþidēdun	*halþidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*halþijandz	*halþidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *halþijan
  • Old English: hieldan
    • Middle English: helden
      • English: hield
      • English: heel
      • Yola: hyle
  • Old Saxon: *heldian
    • Middle Low German: helden, hellen
  • Old Dutch: *helden
    • Middle Dutch: helden
      • Dutch: hellen (d reinterpreted as an ending)
  • Old High German: helden
    • Middle High German: helden
• Old Norse: hella
  • Icelandic: hella
  • Faroese: hella
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: helle
  • Norwegian Bokmål: helle
  • Swedish: hälla
  • → Middle English: hellen
    • English: hell