Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/guttōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

An iterative verb closely related to the strong verb *geutaną, both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewd- (“to pour”). Kroonen however, reconstructs a pre-form Proto-Indo-European *gut-néh₂-ti, with an incorporated aorist -t ending in the root. He suggests that strong verb was backformed to the iterative.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɣut.tɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*guttōną

1. to pour
2. to spawn

Inflection

The original paradigm consisted of two stem variants, singular *gutt- against non-singular *gut-.

Conjugation of *guttōną (weak class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*guttō	*guttǭ	—	*guttōi	?
2nd singular	*guttōsi	*guttōs	*guttō	*guttōsai	*guttōsau
3rd singular	*guttōþi	*guttō	*guttōþau	*guttōþai	*guttōþau
1st dual	*guttōs	*guttōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*guttōþiz	*guttōþiz	*guttōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*guttōmaz	*guttōm	—	*guttōnþai	*guttōnþau
2nd plural	*guttōþ	*guttōþ	*guttōþ	*guttōnþai	*guttōnþau
3rd plural	*guttōnþi	*guttōn	*guttōnþau	*guttōnþai	*guttōnþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*guttōdǭ	*guttōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*guttōdēz	*guttōdēdīz
3rd singular	*guttōdē	*guttōdēdī
1st dual	*guttōdēdū	*guttōdēdīw
2nd dual	*guttōdēdudiz	*guttōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*guttōdēdum	*guttōdēdīm
2nd plural	*guttōdēdud	*guttōdēdīd
3rd plural	*guttōdēdun	*guttōdēdīn
	present	past
participles	*guttōndz	*guttōdaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *guttōn, *gutōn
  • Old High German: gozzōn, *gussōn
    • ⇒ Old High German: ubargussōn
• Old Norse: gota
  • Norwegian:

    Norwegian Bokmål: gåtte (dialectal)

    Norwegian Nynorsk: gote, gota