Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/drunjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *drunjuz (“sound”) +‎ *-janą.

Per Vasmer, perhaps ultimately from imitative Proto-Indo-European *dʰrēu- (“to drone”); see also Sanskrit ध्रणति (dhráṇati, “to sound”), Old Irish drésacht (“crackling, noise”), German trensen (“to make heavy sounds from the vocal cords”), Dutch drenzen (“to moan”), Ancient Greek θρῆνος (thrênos, “lamentation for the deceased”), English drone, Old Prussian droanse (“corncrake”), Gothic 𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌿𐍃 (drunjus, “sound”).^[1]^[2]^[3]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈdrun.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*drunjaną^[4]

to sound, rumble

Inflection

Conjugation of *drunjaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*drunjō	*drunjaų	—	*drunjai	?
2nd singular	*drunisi	*drunjais	*druni	*drunjasai	*drunjaisau
3rd singular	*druniþi	*drunjai	*drunjaþau	*drunjaþai	*drunjaiþau
1st dual	*drunjōs	*drunjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*drunjaþiz	*drunjaiþiz	*drunjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*drunjamaz	*drunjaim	—	*drunjanþai	*drunjainþau
2nd plural	*druniþ	*drunjaiþ	*druniþ	*drunjanþai	*drunjainþau
3rd plural	*drunjanþi	*drunjain	*drunjanþau	*drunjanþai	*drunjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*drunidǭ	*drunidēdį̄
2nd singular	*drunidēz	*drunidēdīz
3rd singular	*drunidē	*drunidēdī
1st dual	*drunidēdū	*drunidēdīw
2nd dual	*drunidēdudiz	*drunidēdīdiz
1st plural	*drunidēdum	*drunidēdīm
2nd plural	*drunidēdud	*drunidēdīd
3rd plural	*drunidēdun	*drunidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*drunjandz	*drunidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *drunnjan, *drunjan (the lack of gemination is unexpected)
- Old Saxon: *drunian
  - Middle Low German: drönen
    - Low German: drönen
      - → German: dröhnen
- Old Dutch: *drunen
  - Middle Dutch: druenen, drōnen
    - Dutch: dreunen
      - Afrikaans: dreun
Old Norse: drynja
- Icelandic: drynja
- Norwegian: drynja
- Danish: drøne

References

^ Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “дрязги”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “dreunen”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “255-256”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 255-256
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*drunjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 77

[1] Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “дрязги”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

[2] van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “dreunen”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute

[3] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “255-256”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 255-256

[Orel-4] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*drunjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 77

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