Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/baraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

• *bariz
• *barizaz
• *barzą

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰors- or *bʰor-es- (more traditionally reconstructed as *bʰars-), the further origin of which is uncertain; possibly from or related to *bʰers- (“tip, bristle; pointy, prickly”) (compare *barsaz, *burstiz), the sense of which may be preserved in the North Germanic descendants. For the semantic development, compare Albanian halë (“pointed tip, splinter; awn; pine needle”).
Cognate with Latin far n (“emmer; grits”) and fārīna f (“flour”), Faliscan 𐌅𐌀𐌓 (far, “emmer wheat”), Proto-Slavic *boršьno (“flour”), Old Irish bairgen f (“bread, loaf”), Welsh bara (“bread”), Breton bara (“bread”), Old Cornish bara, Albanian bar (“grass”), Proto-Slavic *bъrъ (“foxtail millet”) and perhaps Latvian barĩba (“food”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbɑ.rɑz/

Noun

*baraz n

1. awn ?

   Synonym: *ahanō

2. (North Germanic) spiky leaves
3. barley

   Synonym: *gerstō

Inflection

z-stemDeclension of *baraz (z-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*baraz	*barizō
vocative	*baraz	*barizō
accusative	*baraz	*barizō
genitive	*bariziz	*barizǫ̂
dative	*barizi	*barizumaz
instrumental	*barizē	*barizumiz

Derived terms

• *barizaz (“barley”) (thematicized from the oblique stem)
  • Proto-West Germanic: *barī
    • Old English: bere
      • Middle English: bere
        • English: bere
        • Scots: bere, beir
      • ⇒ Old English: bærlīċ
        • Middle English: barly, barlie, barlich, barlych, barlyche, barleche, barlick, barlykke, bareliche, berley
          • English: barley
          • Scots: barlie
          • Yola: baarich, barich, barach, barish, barlich
  • Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌶 (*bariz)
    • ⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (barizeins, “made of barley”) (+ -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (-eins), or directly from *barizīnaz)

Descendants

• Old Norse: barr (“barley; pine needles”)
  • Icelandic: barr
  • Faroese: barr
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: bar
  • Old Swedish: bar
    • Swedish: barr