Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/balwōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Either derived from *balwą (“evil, misfortune”) +‎ *-ōną or *balwaz (“evil, bad”) +‎ *-ōną.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbɑl.wɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*balwōną

1. to make worse, spoil, damage
2. to torture, torment
3. to speak evil, swear, curse

Inflection

Conjugation of *balwōną (weak class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*balwō	*balwǭ	—	*balwōi	?
2nd singular	*balwōsi	*balwōs	*balwō	*balwōsai	*balwōsau
3rd singular	*balwōþi	*balwō	*balwōþau	*balwōþai	*balwōþau
1st dual	*balwōs	*balwōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*balwōþiz	*balwōþiz	*balwōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*balwōmaz	*balwōm	—	*balwōnþai	*balwōnþau
2nd plural	*balwōþ	*balwōþ	*balwōþ	*balwōnþai	*balwōnþau
3rd plural	*balwōnþi	*balwōn	*balwōnþau	*balwōnþai	*balwōnþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*balwōdǭ	*balwōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*balwōdēz	*balwōdēdīz
3rd singular	*balwōdē	*balwōdēdī
1st dual	*balwōdēdū	*balwōdēdīw
2nd dual	*balwōdēdudiz	*balwōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*balwōdēdum	*balwōdēdīm
2nd plural	*balwōdēdud	*balwōdēdīd
3rd plural	*balwōdēdun	*balwōdēdīn
	present	past
participles	*balwōndz	*balwōdaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *balwōn
  • >? Old Frisian: *balia
    • ⇒ Old Frisian: forbalia
    • ⇒ Old Frisian: urbalia
  • Old Saxon: *baluwōn
    • Middle Low German: *balwen
      • ⇒ Middle Low German: vörbalwen, vorbalwen, vorballewen
  • Old Dutch: *baluwon
    • Middle Dutch: baluwen, baellewen
  • Old High German: *balawōn
    • ⇒ Old High German: gibalawōn
  • →? Vulgar Latin: *balvō, *malvō (assimilated to Latin malus)
    • Galician: malvar
    • Old Spanish: malvar
• Old Norse: bǫlva
  • Icelandic: bölva