Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ōbijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

• *ōbjaną

Etymology

The causative-iterative formation to a lost strong verb *afaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ep- (“to labor, work”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɔː.βi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*ōbijaną

1. to perform, practice

Inflection

Conjugation of *ōbijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*ōbijō	*ōbijaų	—	*ōbijai	?
2nd singular	*ōbīsi	*ōbijais	*ōbī	*ōbijasai	*ōbijaisau
3rd singular	*ōbīþi	*ōbijai	*ōbijaþau	*ōbijaþai	*ōbijaiþau
1st dual	*ōbijōs	*ōbijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*ōbijaþiz	*ōbijaiþiz	*ōbijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*ōbijamaz	*ōbijaim	—	*ōbijanþai	*ōbijainþau
2nd plural	*ōbīþ	*ōbijaiþ	*ōbīþ	*ōbijanþai	*ōbijainþau
3rd plural	*ōbijanþi	*ōbijain	*ōbijanþau	*ōbijanþai	*ōbijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*ōbidǭ	*ōbidēdį̄
2nd singular	*ōbidēz	*ōbidēdīz
3rd singular	*ōbidē	*ōbidēdī
1st dual	*ōbidēdū	*ōbidēdīw
2nd dual	*ōbidēdudiz	*ōbidēdīdiz
1st plural	*ōbidēdum	*ōbidēdīm
2nd plural	*ōbidēdud	*ōbidēdīd
3rd plural	*ōbidēdun	*ōbidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*ōbijandz	*ōbidaz

Related terms

• *abnijaną
• *abraz
• *aflą
• *ōbō

Descendants

• Old Frisian: ēwa, jōwa
  • ⇒ Old Frisian: ōvenia, ōvonia, ōfnia
    • West Frisian: oefenje
• Old Saxon: ōbian, ōvian
  • Middle Low German: ôven
    • German Low German: öven
    • → Danish: øve
    • → Swedish: öva
    • → Norwegian: øve
• Old Dutch: *uoven
  • Middle Dutch: oeven
    • Dutch: oeven (archaic, dialectal)
    • ⇒ Middle Dutch: oefenen
      • Dutch: oefenen
        • Afrikaans: oefen
• Old High German: uoben, uaben, uopen
  • Middle High German: uoben, üeben, üben
    • German: üben
      • →? Saterland Frisian: üübje
      • → Luxembourgish: üben
    • Hunsrik: ieve
    • Rhine Franconian: iwe
• Old Norse: *œfa
  • Icelandic: æfa