Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/uskaltadak
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This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Finnic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Verb
[edit]*uskaltadak (stem *uskalta-)
Inflection
[edit]Inflection of *uskaltadak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *uskaldan | *uskaldoin | — | *uskaltagon |
| 2nd sing. | *uskaldat | *uskaldoit | *uskaldak | *uskaltagos |
| 3rd sing. | *uskaltapi *uskalta |
*uskaltoi | *uskaltakahën | *uskaltakohën |
| 1st plur. | *uskaldakmëk *uskaldakmak |
*uskaltoimëk *uskaltoimak |
*uskaltakadëmëk *uskaltakadamak |
*uskaltakodëmëk *uskaltakodamak |
| 2nd plur. | *uskaldaktëk *uskaldaktak |
*uskaltoidëk *uskaltoidak |
*uskaltakadë *uskaltakada |
*uskaltagot'ëk *uskaltakodadak |
| 3rd plur. | *uskaltabat *uskalta |
*uskaltoi | *uskaltakahën | *uskaltakohën |
| passive | *uskaldaksën *uskaldat'aksën |
*uskaltatihën *uskaldattihën |
*uskaltatagasën *uskaldattagasën |
*uskaltatagosën *uskaldattagosën |
| connegative | *uskaldak | — | *uskaltagak | *uskaltagok |
| passive connegative | *uskaldaktak | — | *uskaltatagak *uskaldattagak |
*uskaltatagok *uskaldattagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *uskaldakcin | *uskaltoicin | *uskaltanën | |
| 2nd sing. | *uskaldakcit | *uskaltoicit | *uskaltanët | |
| 3rd sing. | *uskaldakci | *uskaltoici | *uskaltani | |
| 1st plur. | *uskaldakcimëk *uskaldakcimak |
*uskaltoicimëk *uskaltoicimak |
*uskaltanëmëk *uskaltanëmak | |
| 2nd plur. | *uskaldakcidëk *uskaldakcidak |
*uskaltoicidëk *uskaltoicidak |
*uskaltanëdëk *uskaltanëdak | |
| 3rd plur. | *uskaldakci | *uskaltoici | *uskaltani | |
| passive | *uskaltadakcisën *uskaldat'akcisën |
*uskaltaticisën *uskaldatticisën |
*uskaltatanësën *uskaldattanësën | |
| connegative | *uskaldakcik | *uskaltoicik | *uskaltanëk | |
| passive connegative | *uskaltadakcik *uskaldat'akcik |
*uskaltaticik *uskaldatticik |
*uskaltatanëk *uskaldattanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *uskaltadak | present | *uskaltapa | *uskaltataba *uskaldattaba |
| infinitive 2 | *uskaltatë- | past | *uskaltanut | *uskaltatu *uskaldattu |
| gerund/supine | *uskaltama | |||
| action noun | *uskaltaminen | |||
Descendants
[edit]- Estonian: usaldama/usaldada
- Finnish: uskaltaa
- →? Northern Sami: oskkildit
- Ingrian: usaltaa
- Livvi: uskaldoa
- Ludian: uskaldada
- ⇒ Veps: uskaltaze
- Võro: usaldama/usaldaq
Further reading
[edit]- Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), “uskaltaa”, in Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The Origin of Finnish Words][1] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN