Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/werteti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”).

Verb

*werteti

1. to turn over

Inflection

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*wertū	*wertemam	*wiwritsū	*weworta
2nd singular	*wertesi	*wertetās	*wiwritsesi	*wewortas?
3rd singular	*werteti	*werteto	*wiwritseti	*weworte
1st plural	*wertomosi	*wertemo	*wiwritsomosi	*wewortmo
2nd plural	*wertetesi	*wertestē	*wiwritsetesi	*weworsse
3rd plural	*wertonti	*wertento	*wiwritsonti	*wewortars
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*wertsū	?	—
2nd singular	*wertsesi	?	*werte
3rd singular	*wertseti	?	*wertetou
1st plural	*wertsomosi	?	*wertomos
2nd plural	*wertsetesi	?	*wertete
3rd plural	*wertsonti	?	*wertontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*wertūr	—	*wiwritsūr	*wewortra
2nd singular	*wertetar	—	*wiwritsetar	*wewortras?
3rd singular	*wertetor	?	*wiwritsetor	*wewortre
1st plural	*wertommor	—	*wiwritsommor	?
2nd plural	*wertedwe	—	*wiwritsedwe	?
3rd plural	*wertontor	?	*wiwritsontor	?
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*wertsūr	—	—
2nd singular	*wertsetar	—	—
3rd singular	*wertsetor	—	—
1st plural	*wertsommor	—	—
2nd plural	*wertsedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*wertsontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wertonts	*wertonte	*wertontes
vocative	*wertonts	*wertonte	*wertontes
accusative	*wertontam	*wertonte	*wertontans
genitive	*wertantos	*?	*wertantom
dative	*wertantei	*wertantbom	*wertantbos
instrumental	*wertantī?	*wertantbim	*wertantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wertantī	*wertantī	*wertantiyās
vocative	*wertantī	*wertantī	*wertantiyās
accusative	*wertantīm	*wertantī	*wertantiyans
genitive	*wertantyās	*?	*wertantyom
dative	*wertantyāi	*wertantyābom	*wertantyābos
instrumental	*?	*wertantyābim	*wertantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wertont	*?	*wertonta
vocative	*wertont	*?	*wertonta
accusative	*wertont	*?	*wertonta
genitive	*wertantos	*?	*wertantom
dative	*wertantei	*?	*wertantbos
instrumental	*wertantī?	*?	*wertantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wertomnos	*wertomnou	*wertomnoi
vocative	*wertomne	*wertomnou	*wertomnoi
accusative	*wertomnom	*wertomnou	*wertomnons
genitive	*wertomnī	*wertomnous	*wertomnom
dative	*wertomnūi	*wertomnobom	*wertomnobos
instrumental	*wertomnū	*wertomnobim	*wertomnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wertomnā	*wertomnai	*wertomnās
vocative	*wertomnā	*wertomnai	*wertomnās
accusative	*wertomnam	*wertomnai	*wertomnans
genitive	*wertomnās	*wertomnous	*wertomnom
dative	*wertomnai	*wertomnābom	*wertomnābos
instrumental	*?	*wertomnābim	*wertomnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wertomnom	*wertomnou	*wertomnā
vocative	*wertomnom	*wertomnou	*wertomnā
accusative	*wertomnom	*wertomnou	*wertomnā
genitive	*wertomnī	*wertomnous	*wertomnom
dative	*wertomnūi	*wertomnobom	*wertomnobos
instrumental	*wertomnū	*wertomnobim	*wertomnobis

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wrissos	*wrissou	*wrissoi
vocative	*wrisse	*wrissou	*wrissoi
accusative	*wrissom	*wrissou	*wrissons
genitive	*wrissī	*wrissous	*wrissom
dative	*wrissūi	*wrissobom	*wrissobos
instrumental	*wrissū	*wrissobim	*wrissobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wrissā	*wrissai	*wrissās
vocative	*wrissā	*wrissai	*wrissās
accusative	*wrissam	*wrissai	*wrissans
genitive	*wrissās	*wrissous	*wrissom
dative	*wrissai	*wrissābom	*wrissābos
instrumental	*?	*wrissābim	*wrissābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wrissom	*wrissou	*wrissā
vocative	*wrissom	*wrissou	*wrissā
accusative	*wrissom	*wrissou	*wrissā
genitive	*wrissī	*wrissous	*wrissom
dative	*wrissūi	*wrissobom	*wrissobos
instrumental	*wrissū	*wrissobim	*wrissobis

Related terms

• *exswertis
• *wertom
  • Proto-Brythonic: *gwerθ
    • Old Breton: uuert
      • Middle Breton: guerz
        • Breton: gwerzh
    • Cornish: gwerth
    • Middle Welsh: gwerth
      • Welsh: gwerth
• *wortīti

Descendants

• Proto-Brythonic: (shifting to mean "to sell")
  • Middle Breton: guerzaff
    • Breton: gwerzhañ
  • Cornish: gwertha
  • Middle Welsh: gwerthu
    • Welsh: gwerthu
• ⇒ Old Irish: ad·ferta (changed to a weak verb)