Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/minuti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to bind”).^[1] The *-néwti suffix is reconstructed on the basis of Sanskrit मिनोति (minoti, “to fix, establish”).

Verb

*minuti

to bind

Inflection

Suffixless preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*minumi	*minumam	*mimisū	*mima
2nd singular	*minusi	*minutās	*mimisesi	*mimas?
3rd singular	*minuti	*minuto	*mimiseti	*mime
1st plural	*minumosi	*minumo	*mimisomosi	*mimmo
2nd plural	*minutesi	*minustē	*mimisetesi	*minte
3rd plural	*minunti	*minunto	*mimisonti	*mimars
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*meyasū	?	—
2nd singular	*meyasesi	?	*minu
3rd singular	*meyaseti	?	*minutou
1st plural	*meyasomosi	?	*minumos
2nd plural	*meyasetesi	?	*minute
3rd plural	*meyasonti	?	*minuntou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*minur	—	*mimisūr	*mimra
2nd singular	*minutar	—	*mimisetar	*mimras?
3rd singular	*minutor	?	*mimisetor	*mimre
1st plural	*minummor	—	*mimisommor	?
2nd plural	*minudwe	—	*mimisedwe	?
3rd plural	*minuntor	?	*mimisontor	?
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*meyasūr	—	—
2nd singular	*meyasetar	—	—
3rd singular	*meyasetor	—	—
1st plural	*meyasommor	—	—
2nd plural	*meyasedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*meyasontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*minwonts	*minwonte	*minwontes
vocative	*minwonts	*minwonte	*minwontes
accusative	*minwontam	*minwonte	*minwontans
genitive	*minwantos	*?	*minwantom
dative	*minwantei	*minwantbom	*minwantbos
instrumental	*minwantī?	*minwantbim	*minwantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*minwantī	*minwantī	*minwantiyās
vocative	*minwantī	*minwantī	*minwantiyās
accusative	*minwantīm	*minwantī	*minwantiyans
genitive	*minwantyās	*?	*minwantyom
dative	*minwantyāi	*minwantyābom	*minwantyābos
instrumental	*?	*minwantyābim	*minwantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*minwont	*?	*minwonta
vocative	*minwont	*?	*minwonta
accusative	*minwont	*?	*minwonta
genitive	*minwantos	*?	*minwantom
dative	*minwantei	*?	*minwantbos
instrumental	*minwantī?	*?	*minwantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*minumnos	*minumnou	*minumnoi
vocative	*minumne	*minumnou	*minumnoi
accusative	*minumnom	*minumnou	*minumnons
genitive	*minumnī	*minumnous	*minumnom
dative	*minumnūi	*minumnobom	*minumnobos
instrumental	*minumnū	*minumnobim	*minumnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*minumnā	*minumnai	*minumnās
vocative	*minumnā	*minumnai	*minumnās
accusative	*minumnam	*minumnai	*minumnans
genitive	*minumnās	*minumnous	*minumnom
dative	*minumnai	*minumnābom	*minumnābos
instrumental	*?	*minumnābim	*minumnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*minumnom	*minumnou	*minumnā
vocative	*minumnom	*minumnou	*minumnā
accusative	*minumnom	*minumnou	*minumnā
genitive	*minumnī	*minumnous	*minumnom
dative	*minumnūi	*minumnobom	*minumnobos
instrumental	*minumnū	*minumnobim	*minumnobis

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*mītos	*mītou	*mītoi
vocative	*mīte	*mītou	*mītoi
accusative	*mītom	*mītou	*mītons
genitive	*mītī	*mītous	*mītom
dative	*mītūi	*mītobom	*mītobos
instrumental	*mītū	*mītobim	*mītobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*mītā	*mītai	*mītās
vocative	*mītā	*mītai	*mītās
accusative	*mītam	*mītai	*mītans
genitive	*mītās	*mītous	*mītom
dative	*mītai	*mītābom	*mītābos
instrumental	*?	*mītābim	*mītābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*mītom	*mītou	*mītā
vocative	*mītom	*mītou	*mītā
accusative	*mītom	*mītou	*mītā
genitive	*mītī	*mītous	*mītom
dative	*mītūi	*mītobom	*mītobos
instrumental	*mītū	*mītobim	*mītobis

Derived terms

*to-dī-meiyom
- Old Irish: tuidme
  - Middle Irish: tuidme
*to-dī-minuti
- Old Irish: do·dímen

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to change (places)”)^[2]

Verb

*minuti^[3]

to change position

Inflection

Suffixless preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*minumi	*minumam	*mimisū	*mima
2nd singular	*minusi	*minutās	*mimisesi	*mimas?
3rd singular	*minuti	*minuto	*mimiseti	*mime
1st plural	*minumosi	*minumo	*mimisomosi	*mimmo
2nd plural	*minutesi	*minustē	*mimisetesi	*minte
3rd plural	*minunti	*minunto	*mimisonti	*mimars
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*meyasū	?	—
2nd singular	*meyasesi	?	*minu
3rd singular	*meyaseti	?	*minutou
1st plural	*meyasomosi	?	*minumos
2nd plural	*meyasetesi	?	*minute
3rd plural	*meyasonti	?	*minuntou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*minur	—	*mimisūr	*mimra
2nd singular	*minutar	—	*mimisetar	*mimras?
3rd singular	*minutor	?	*mimisetor	*mimre
1st plural	*minummor	—	*mimisommor	?
2nd plural	*minudwe	—	*mimisedwe	?
3rd plural	*minuntor	?	*mimisontor	?
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*meyasūr	—	—
2nd singular	*meyasetar	—	—
3rd singular	*meyasetor	—	—
1st plural	*meyasommor	—	—
2nd plural	*meyasedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*meyasontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*minwonts	*minwonte	*minwontes
vocative	*minwonts	*minwonte	*minwontes
accusative	*minwontam	*minwonte	*minwontans
genitive	*minwantos	*?	*minwantom
dative	*minwantei	*minwantbom	*minwantbos
instrumental	*minwantī?	*minwantbim	*minwantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*minwantī	*minwantī	*minwantiyās
vocative	*minwantī	*minwantī	*minwantiyās
accusative	*minwantīm	*minwantī	*minwantiyans
genitive	*minwantyās	*?	*minwantyom
dative	*minwantyāi	*minwantyābom	*minwantyābos
instrumental	*?	*minwantyābim	*minwantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*minwont	*?	*minwonta
vocative	*minwont	*?	*minwonta
accusative	*minwont	*?	*minwonta
genitive	*minwantos	*?	*minwantom
dative	*minwantei	*?	*minwantbos
instrumental	*minwantī?	*?	*minwantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*minumnos	*minumnou	*minumnoi
vocative	*minumne	*minumnou	*minumnoi
accusative	*minumnom	*minumnou	*minumnons
genitive	*minumnī	*minumnous	*minumnom
dative	*minumnūi	*minumnobom	*minumnobos
instrumental	*minumnū	*minumnobim	*minumnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*minumnā	*minumnai	*minumnās
vocative	*minumnā	*minumnai	*minumnās
accusative	*minumnam	*minumnai	*minumnans
genitive	*minumnās	*minumnous	*minumnom
dative	*minumnai	*minumnābom	*minumnābos
instrumental	*?	*minumnābim	*minumnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*minumnom	*minumnou	*minumnā
vocative	*minumnom	*minumnou	*minumnā
accusative	*minumnom	*minumnou	*minumnā
genitive	*minumnī	*minumnous	*minumnom
dative	*minumnūi	*minumnobom	*minumnobos
instrumental	*minumnū	*minumnobim	*minumnobis

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*mītos	*mītou	*mītoi
vocative	*mīte	*mītou	*mītoi
accusative	*mītom	*mītou	*mītons
genitive	*mītī	*mītous	*mītom
dative	*mītūi	*mītobom	*mītobos
instrumental	*mītū	*mītobim	*mītobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*mītā	*mītai	*mītās
vocative	*mītā	*mītai	*mītās
accusative	*mītam	*mītai	*mītans
genitive	*mītās	*mītous	*mītom
dative	*mītai	*mītābom	*mītābos
instrumental	*?	*mītābim	*mītābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*mītom	*mītou	*mītā
vocative	*mītom	*mītou	*mītā
accusative	*mītom	*mītou	*mītā
genitive	*mītī	*mītous	*mītom
dative	*mītūi	*mītobom	*mītobos
instrumental	*mītū	*mītobim	*mītobis

Reconstruction notes

KPV presumes this verb acquired the exact same form as the homonymous verb meaning "bind".
This verb from an originally laryngeal-free root was reshaped after verbs with originally laryngeal-final roots like *binati; this analogy is apparent in both the past participle (evidenced in Middle Cornish tremit (“effort”)) and Middle Welsh tramwy.

Derived terms

*trānts-meiyom
- Proto-Brythonic: *tramuɨ
  - Middle Welsh: tramwy (noun)
    - Welsh: tramwy
*trānts-minuti
- Proto-Brythonic: *trėmɨn (prototonic)
  - Middle Breton: tremen
    - Breton: tremen
  - Middle Cornish: tremena
  - Middle Welsh: tramwy (verb)

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*mi-nu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 271
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*mi-nV-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 271
^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 485-486

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*mi-nu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 271

[2] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*mi-nV-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 271

[3] Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 485-486

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