Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/exsstungeti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From *exs- +‎ Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg-.

Verb

*exsstungeti

1. to bend

Inflection

Thematic present
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*exsstungū	*exsstungemam	?	—
2nd singular	*exsstungesi	*exsstungetās	?	—
3rd singular	*exsstungeti	*exsstungeto	?	—
1st plural	*exsstungomosi	*exsstungemo	?	—
2nd plural	*exsstungetesi	*exsstungestē	?	—
3rd plural	*exsstungonti	*exsstungento	?	—
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	?	?	—
2nd singular	?	?	*exsstunge
3rd singular	?	?	*exsstungetou
1st plural	?	?	*exsstungomos
2nd plural	?	?	*exsstungete
3rd plural	?	?	*exsstungontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*exsstungūr	—	?	—
2nd singular	*exsstungetar	—	?	—
3rd singular	*exsstungetor	?	?	—
1st plural	*exsstungommor	—	?	—
2nd plural	*exsstungedwe	—	?	—
3rd plural	*exsstungontor	?	?	—
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	?	—	—
2nd singular	?	—	—
3rd singular	?	—	—
1st plural	?	—	—
2nd plural	?	—	—
3rd plural	?	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*exsstungonts	*exsstungonte	*exsstungontes
vocative	*exsstungonts	*exsstungonte	*exsstungontes
accusative	*exsstungontam	*exsstungonte	*exsstungontans
genitive	*exsstungantos	*?	*exsstungantom
dative	*exsstungantei	*exsstungantbom	*exsstungantbos
instrumental	*exsstungantī?	*exsstungantbim	*exsstungantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*exsstungantī	*exsstungantī	*exsstungantiyās
vocative	*exsstungantī	*exsstungantī	*exsstungantiyās
accusative	*exsstungantīm	*exsstungantī	*exsstungantiyans
genitive	*exsstungantyās	*?	*exsstungantyom
dative	*exsstungantyāi	*exsstungantyābom	*exsstungantyābos
instrumental	*?	*exsstungantyābim	*exsstungantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*exsstungont	*?	*exsstungonta
vocative	*exsstungont	*?	*exsstungonta
accusative	*exsstungont	*?	*exsstungonta
genitive	*exsstungantos	*?	*exsstungantom
dative	*exsstungantei	*?	*exsstungantbos
instrumental	*exsstungantī?	*?	*exsstungantbis

Descendants

• Proto-Brythonic: *ɨstüngɨd
  • Middle Breton: stoeaff
  • Middle Welsh: ystwng, estwng
• Old Irish: as·toing
  • Middle Irish: etchid
    • Irish: eitigh

References

• Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN