Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/ɸalnati

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From a nasal-infix present *pl̥néh₂ti ~ pl̥nh₂énti, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to approach”). Cognate with Latin pellō (“to drive”).^[1]

Verb

*ɸalnati

to approach
to drive

Inflection

Nasal-infix athematic present with stem ablaut to an h₂-final root
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*ɸalnāmi	*ɸalnamam	*ɸiblāsū	—
2nd singular	*ɸalnāsi	*ɸalnatās	*ɸiblāsesi	—
3rd singular	*ɸalnāti	*ɸalnato	*ɸiblāseti	—
1st plural	*ɸalnamosi	*ɸalnamo	*ɸiblāsomosi	—
2nd plural	*ɸalnatesi	*ɸalnastē	*ɸiblāsetesi	—
3rd plural	*ɸalnanti	*ɸalnanto	*ɸiblāsonti	—
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*ɸelū	?	—
2nd singular	*ɸelesi	?	*ɸalnā
3rd singular	*ɸeleti	?	*ɸalnātou
1st plural	*ɸelomosi	?	*ɸalnamos
2nd plural	*ɸeletesi	?	*ɸalnate
3rd plural	*ɸelonti	?	*ɸalnantou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*ɸalnār	—	*ɸiblāsūr	—
2nd singular	*ɸalnātar	—	*ɸiblāsetar	—
3rd singular	*ɸalnātor	?	*ɸiblāsetor	—
1st plural	*ɸalnammor	—	*ɸiblāsommor	—
2nd plural	*ɸalnadwe	—	*ɸiblāsedwe	—
3rd plural	*ɸalnantor	?	*ɸiblāsontor	—
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*ɸelūr	—	—
2nd singular	*ɸeletar	—	—
3rd singular	*ɸeletor	—	—
1st plural	*ɸelommor	—	—
2nd plural	*ɸeledwe	—	—
3rd plural	*ɸelontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ɸalnonts	*ɸalnonte	*ɸalnontes
vocative	*ɸalnonts	*ɸalnonte	*ɸalnontes
accusative	*ɸalnontam	*ɸalnonte	*ɸalnontans
genitive	*ɸalnantos	*?	*ɸalnantom
dative	*ɸalnantei	*ɸalnantbom	*ɸalnantbos
instrumental	*ɸalnantī?	*ɸalnantbim	*ɸalnantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ɸalnantī	*ɸalnantī	*ɸalnantiyās
vocative	*ɸalnantī	*ɸalnantī	*ɸalnantiyās
accusative	*ɸalnantīm	*ɸalnantī	*ɸalnantiyans
genitive	*ɸalnantyās	*?	*ɸalnantyom
dative	*ɸalnantyāi	*ɸalnantyābom	*ɸalnantyābos
instrumental	*?	*ɸalnantyābim	*ɸalnantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ɸalnont	*?	*ɸalnonta
vocative	*ɸalnont	*?	*ɸalnonta
accusative	*ɸalnont	*?	*ɸalnonta
genitive	*ɸalnantos	*?	*ɸalnantom
dative	*ɸalnantei	*?	*ɸalnantbos
instrumental	*ɸalnantī?	*?	*ɸalnantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ɸalnamnos	*ɸalnamnou	*ɸalnamnoi
vocative	*ɸalnamne	*ɸalnamnou	*ɸalnamnoi
accusative	*ɸalnamnom	*ɸalnamnou	*ɸalnamnons
genitive	*ɸalnamnī	*ɸalnamnous	*ɸalnamnom
dative	*ɸalnamnūi	*ɸalnamnobom	*ɸalnamnobos
instrumental	*ɸalnamnū	*ɸalnamnobim	*ɸalnamnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ɸalnamnā	*ɸalnamnai	*ɸalnamnās
vocative	*ɸalnamnā	*ɸalnamnai	*ɸalnamnās
accusative	*ɸalnamnam	*ɸalnamnai	*ɸalnamnans
genitive	*ɸalnamnās	*ɸalnamnous	*ɸalnamnom
dative	*ɸalnamnai	*ɸalnamnābom	*ɸalnamnābos
instrumental	*?	*ɸalnamnābim	*ɸalnamnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ɸalnamnom	*ɸalnamnou	*ɸalnamnā
vocative	*ɸalnamnom	*ɸalnamnou	*ɸalnamnā
accusative	*ɸalnamnom	*ɸalnamnou	*ɸalnamnā
genitive	*ɸalnamnī	*ɸalnamnous	*ɸalnamnom
dative	*ɸalnamnūi	*ɸalnamnobom	*ɸalnamnobos
instrumental	*ɸalnamnū	*ɸalnamnobim	*ɸalnamnobis

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ɸlatos	*ɸlatou	*ɸlatoi
vocative	*ɸlate	*ɸlatou	*ɸlatoi
accusative	*ɸlatom	*ɸlatou	*ɸlatons
genitive	*ɸlatī	*ɸlatous	*ɸlatom
dative	*ɸlatūi	*ɸlatobom	*ɸlatobos
instrumental	*ɸlatū	*ɸlatobim	*ɸlatobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ɸlatā	*ɸlatai	*ɸlatās
vocative	*ɸlatā	*ɸlatai	*ɸlatās
accusative	*ɸlatam	*ɸlatai	*ɸlatans
genitive	*ɸlatās	*ɸlatous	*ɸlatom
dative	*ɸlatai	*ɸlatābom	*ɸlatābos
instrumental	*?	*ɸlatābim	*ɸlatābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ɸlatom	*ɸlatou	*ɸlatā
vocative	*ɸlatom	*ɸlatou	*ɸlatā
accusative	*ɸlatom	*ɸlatou	*ɸlatā
genitive	*ɸlatī	*ɸlatous	*ɸlatom
dative	*ɸlatūi	*ɸlatobom	*ɸlatobos
instrumental	*ɸlatū	*ɸlatobim	*ɸlatobis

Derived terms

*ad-ɸalnati
- Old Irish: ad·ella
- Celtiberian: alatai (past part. dat./loc. sg.) (if Prósper's reading is adopted)^[2]

Descendants

This verb ended up supplying the future tense forms of *ageti (“to drive”) in Insular Celtic and *aleti (“to nourish”) in Goidelic, and was generally lost otherwise.

Proto-Brythonic:
- Cornish: ylliv (among other inflected forms of mos (“to go”))
- Welsh: elwyf (among other literary inflected forms of mynd (“to go”))
Old Irish: ·ella (lost outside of compounds)

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*fal-na-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 121
^ Prósper, Blanca María (2011) “The Hispano-Celtic Divinity ILVRBEDA, Gold Mining in Western Hispania and the Syntactic Context of Celtiberian arkatobezom ‘Silver Mine’”, in Die Sprache, volume 49, number 1, page 70

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*fal-na-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 121

[2] Prósper, Blanca María (2011) “The Hispano-Celtic Divinity ILVRBEDA, Gold Mining in Western Hispania and the Syntactic Context of Celtiberian arkatobezom ‘Silver Mine’”, in Die Sprache, volume 49, number 1, page 70

[1]

[2]