Reconstruction:Proto-Austronesian/qapəjux

This Proto-Austronesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Austronesian

Alternative forms

• *paqəju

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʔapəɡʲu/, /qapəɡʲu/

Noun

*qapəjux

1. gall; gall bladder
2. bile

Descendants

• Northern Formosan
  • Northwest Formosan
    • Kulon-Pazeh: apuzu
    • Thao: qazpu
• Southern Formosan
  • Puyuma: apedu
  • Paiwan: qapedu
• Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *qapəju, *qapəjuq
  • Philippine
    • Batanic
      • Yami: apdo
      • Ivatan: apdu
      • Ibatan: apdo
    • Northern Luzon
      • Ilocano: apró
      • Northeastern Luzon
        • Casiguran Dumagat Agta: ápdu
        • Dupaningan Agta: apdu
        • Paranan: apdu
      • Cagayan Valley
        • Isnag: apdó
        • Ibanagic
          • Ibanag: aggu
          • Gaddangic
            • Central Cagayan Agta: adu
            • Itawit: ádu
            • Yogad: ádu
      • Meso-Cordilleran
        • Central Cordilleran
          • Ifugao
            • Tuwali Ifugao: apgu
          • Bontok–Kankanaey
            • Eastern Bontoc: apku
            • Central Bontoc: akgó
            • Northern Kankanay: akgo
          • Kalinga–Itneg
            • Limos Kalinga: apdu
            • Madukayang Kalinga: apgu
            • Butbut Kalinga: apku
            • Tanudan Kalinga: apku
            • Lubuagan Kalinga: apchu
        • Southern Cordilleran
          • Pangasinan: apgó
          • Keley-I Kallahan: apgu
          • Karao: apko
      • Arta: apdu
    • Umiray Dumaget Agta: apdu
    • Central Luzon
      • Sambalic
        • Bolinao: apro
        • Botolan Sambal: aplo
        • Sambali: aplóh
        • Abenlen Ayta: aplo
        • Mag-Anchi Ayta: aplo
        • Mag-Indi Ayta: aplu
    • Northern Mindoro
      • Iraya: apro
    • Greater Central Philippine
      • Central Philippine
        • Tagalog: apdó
        • Bikol
          • Bikol Central: apdó
          • Buhi'non Bikol: apro
        • Mansakan
          • Mansaka: apdo
          • Tagakaulu Kalagan: apdu
        • Bisayan
          • Asi
            • Asi: ápro
          • Cebu
            • Cebuano: apdo
          • West
            • Aklanon: ápdoh
            • Kinaray-a: apdo
          • Central
            • Hiligaynon: ápdo
            • Masbatenyo: ápdo
            • Waray-Waray: apdó
            • Romblomanon: 'apdu
          • South
            • Tausug: apdu
      • Manobo
        • Agusan Manobo: apo'du
        • Dibabawon Manobo: apodu
        • Western Bukidnon Manobo: epezu
        • Ata Manobo: aporu
        • Obo Manobo: 'opoddu'
      • Palawanic
        • Brooke's Point Palawano: epdu
        • Aborlan Tagbanwa: apdu
        • Central Tagbanwa: ᝠᝩᝧᝳ (apdo)
      • Subanen
        • Central Subanen: pedu
        • Western Subanon: podu
      • Danao
        • Maranao: pedo
        • Maguindanao: pedu
      • South Mangyan
        • Hanunoo: apdú
      • Gorontalo–Mongondow
        • Gorontalo: polu
        • Mongondow: opoyu
    • Kalamian
      • Agutaynen: apdo
      • Calamian Tagbanwa: apdu
    • South Mindanao
      • Tiruray: fedew
      • Tboli: hedun
    • Sangiric: *pədu
      • Sangir: pedu
    • Minahasan: *apədu
      • Tonsawang: awedu
      • Tontemboan: aperu
      • Tombulu: apezuh
  • Sama–Bajaw
    • Central Sama: pꞌddu
    • Southern Sama: puddu
    • Mapun: paddu
    • Yakan: peddu
  • Basap–Barito
    • Basap: pedu
    • East Barito
      • Dusun Witu: peru
      • Ma'anyan: aperu
      • Malagasy: afero
    • Mahakam
      • Tunjung: poruʔ
    • West Barito
      • Ngaju: peru
      • >? Bakumpai: empedu
  • North Bornean
    • Southwest Sabahan
      • Dusunic
        • Central Dusun: tompodu
        • Tobilung: tompodus
        • Rungus: ompodus
      • Murutic
        • Burusu: ampadu
      • Paitanic
        • Tombonuo: ompodu
    • North Sarawakan
      • Bintulu: ləpəɗəw
      • Berawan–Lower Baram
        • Kiput: pəsəuʔ
        • Narom: petew
      • Dayic
        • Lun Bawang: pesuh
        • Kelabit: pedtuh
      • Kenyah: *pədʰu-n
        • Penan
          • Eastern Penan: petuh, pedun
          • Western Penan: petuh, pedun
    • Central Sarawakan
      • Melanau–Kajang
        • Melanau
          • Central Melanau: pedou
          • Kanowit: pədəw
        • Kajang
          • Sekapan: pərəw
          • Kajaman: pərəw
          • Lahanan: pərəw
      • Punan–Müller-Schwaner
        • Punan
          • Punan Bah-Biau: laporu
          • Punan Tubu: perun
          • Punan Aput: parun
          • Bukitan: parun
          • Ukit: parun
        • Müller-Schwaner Punan
          • Hovongan: porun
          • Kereho: porun
          • Aoheng: porun
  • Kayanic
    • Kayan–Murik
      • Kayan
        • Busang Kayan: pərun
        • Bahau: pəruːn
      • Murik–Merap
        • Murik (Malaysia): pərun
        • Punan Merap: prəwŋʷ
    • Segai–Modang
      • Segai: ploə̯n~plɒn
      • Modang: pəloʔ
  • Land Dayak: *padu
    • Benyadu–Bekati'
      • Benyadu': lampadu
      • Bekati': sampadṵː
    • Bidayuh
      • Bau Bidayuh: pudun
      • Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: mpuduh
    • Southern Land Dayak
      • Jangkang: pudo
      • Ribun: puduh
      • Sanggau: mpudo̤
  • Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
    • Batak
      • Northern
        • Dairi Batak: peggu
        • Karo Batak: pegu
      • Southern
        • Simalungun Batak: pogu
        • Toba Batak: pogu
        • Angkola Batak: pogu
        • Mandailing Batak: pogu
    • Gayo: pau
    • Nias: awökhu
    • Simeulue: areu
    • Mentawai: lappegu
  • Rejang: pegau
  • Lampungic
    • Lampung Api: hampedu, hamperu
    • Komering: haporu
  • Malayo-Sumbawan
    • Malayic: *hAmpədu
      • Ibanic
        • Iban: empedu
        • Mualang: əmpədú
        • Seberuang: mpədu
      • Malayan
        • Malay: hempedu
          • Indonesian: empedu
        • Minangkabau: ampedu
    • Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa
      • Balinese: ᬅᬫ᭄ᬧ᭄ᬭᬸ (ampru)
      • Sasak: pepeduq
      • Sumbawa: pedu
    • Sundanese: hamperu
  • Old Javanese: (h)amp(ĕ)ru
    • Javanese: ꦥꦼꦫꦸ (peru)
  • South Sulawesi: *pɨzzu
    • Buginese: essu'/essung
    • Seko: *pùru
      • Seko Tengah: pa'du
      • Budong-Budong: pàdu
      • Panasuan: pàru
    • Northern
      • Toraja-Sa'dan: pa'du
      • Tae': pa'du
      • Duri: paqdu
  • Celebic
    • Saluan–Banggai
      • Balantak: opoyu'
      • Taliabu: n-oyu-ñ
    • Kaili–Pamona
      • Uma: poju
      • Pamona: apoju
    • Tomini–Tolitoli
      • Tajio: opoyu
  • Central Malayo-Polynesian
    • Bima: folu
    • Sumba–Flores
      • Sumba–Hawu
        • Sabu: eɗu
        • Kambera: ka-pídu
      • Western Flores
        • Manggarai–Rembong
          • Komodo: peru
          • Manggarai: pesu
        • Central Flores
          • Ngadha: pedu
          • Li'o: peyu
    • Flores–Lembata
      • Kedang: peyun
    • Kei–Tanimbar
      • Fordata: felurn-
    • Timoric
      • South–East Timor
        • Leti: eru
        • Luang: eri
      • West Timor
        • Bilba: hedu
      • Tetumic
        • Tetum: horun
    • Central Maluku
      • Nunusaku
        • Patakai–Manusela
          • Manusela: wolu
        • Piru Bay
          • Seit-Kaitetu: werun
          • Asilulu: welu
          • Boano (Maluku): n-enu

References

• Blust, Robert & Stephen Trussell, Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – *qapejux.