Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tvьrdъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *twírtas, from Proto-Indo-European *twerH-.

Baltic cognates include Lithuanian tvìrtas, Latvian tvir̂ts (“strong, firm, solid”).

Adjective

*tvь̑rdъ

1. hard, firm, solid

Declension

Accent paradigm c.

Indefinite declension of *tvьrdъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*tvьrdъ	*tvьrda	*tvьrdo
genitive	*tvьrda	*tvьrdy	*tvьrda
dative	*tvьrdu	*tvьrdě	*tvьrdu
accusative	*tvьrdъ	*tvьrdǫ	*tvьrdo
instrumental	*tvьrdomь	*tvьrdojǫ	*tvьrdomь
locative	*tvьrdě	*tvьrdě	*tvьrdě
vocative	*tvьrde	*tvьrdo	*tvьrdo
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*tvьrda	*tvьrdě	*tvьrdě
genitive	*tvьrdu	*tvьrdu	*tvьrdu
dative	*tvьrdoma	*tvьrdama	*tvьrdoma
accusative	*tvьrda	*tvьrdě	*tvьrdě
instrumental	*tvьrdoma	*tvьrdama	*tvьrdoma
locative	*tvьrdu	*tvьrdu	*tvьrdu
vocative	*tvьrda	*tvьrdě	*tvьrdě
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*tvьrdi	*tvьrdy	*tvьrda
genitive	*tvьrdъ	*tvьrdъ	*tvьrdъ
dative	*tvьrdomъ	*tvьrdamъ	*tvьrdomъ
accusative	*tvьrdy	*tvьrdy	*tvьrda
instrumental	*tvьrdy	*tvьrdami	*tvьrdy
locative	*tvьrděxъ	*tvьrdaxъ	*tvьrděxъ
vocative	*tvьrdi	*tvьrdy	*tvьrda

Definite declension of *tvьrdъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*tvьrdъjь	*tvьrdaja	*tvьrdoje
genitive	*tvьrdajego	*tvьrdyję̇	*tvьrdajego
dative	*tvьrdujemu	*tvьrději	*tvьrdujemu
accusative	*tvьrdъjь	*tvьrdǫjǫ	*tvьrdoje
instrumental	*tvьrdyjimь	*tvьrdǫjǫ	*tvьrdyjimь
locative	*tvьrdějemь	*tvьrději	*tvьrdějemь
vocative	*tvьrdъjь	*tvьrdaja	*tvьrdoje
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*tvьrdaja	*tvьrději	*tvьrději
genitive	*tvьrduju	*tvьrduju	*tvьrduju
dative	*tvьrdyjima	*tvьrdyjima	*tvьrdyjima
accusative	*tvьrdaja	*tvьrději	*tvьrději
instrumental	*tvьrdyjima	*tvьrdyjima	*tvьrdyjima
locative	*tvьrduju	*tvьrduju	*tvьrduju
vocative	*tvьrdaja	*tvьrději	*tvьrději
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*tvьrdiji	*tvьrdyję̇	*tvьrdaja
genitive	*tvьrdъjixъ	*tvьrdъjixъ	*tvьrdъjixъ
dative	*tvьrdyjimъ	*tvьrdyjimъ	*tvьrdyjimъ
accusative	*tvьrdyję̇	*tvьrdyję̇	*tvьrdaja
instrumental	*tvьrdyjimi	*tvьrdyjimi	*tvьrdyjimi
locative	*tvьrdyjixъ	*tvьrdyjixъ	*tvьrdyjixъ
vocative	*tvьrdiji	*tvьrdyję̇	*tvьrdaja

Antonyms

• *mękъkъ (“soft”)

See also

• *tvarь (“creation, creature”)
• *tvoriti (“to make”)
• *tvorъ (“creation, creature”)
• *tvьrdь (“citadel, firmament”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: твьрдъ (tvĭrdŭ)
    • Old Ruthenian: твердый (tverdyj)
      • Belarusian: цвёрды (cvjórdy)
      • Carpathian Rusyn: твердый (tverdŷj)
      • Ukrainian: тверди́й (tverdýj)
    • Russian: твёрдый (tvjórdyj)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: тврьдъ (tvrĭdŭ)

    Glagolitic script: ⱅⰲⱃⱐⰴⱏ (tvrĭdŭ)

  • Bulgarian: твърд (tvǎrd)
  • Macedonian: тврд (tvrd)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: твр̑д

    Latin script: tvȓd

    • Slavomolisano: tȑd
  • Slovene: tȓd (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Kashubian: cwiardi
  • Old Czech: tvrdý
    • Czech: tvrdý
  • Polabian: ťordĕ
  • Old Polish: twardy
    • Polish: twardy
  • Slovak: tvrdý
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: twjerdy
    • Lower Sorbian: twardy
  • → Middle High German: quarz
    • German: Quarz (see there for further descendants)

References

• Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 501
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “твердый”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “твёрдый”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 231