Appendix:Old Irish e subjunctive verbs
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The Old Irish e subjunctive is derived from the a subjunctive verbs and is found in class A III present (hiatus) verbs. The ā of the ending lowered the i of the root to e, lengthened to é in a stressed open final syllable.
As this class is small, it is not well attested. The only absolute form attested is the third-person plural relative. There are no deponent verbs in this group.
See Category:Old Irish e subjunctive verbs for a list of verbs belonging to this class.
A sample verb for this class is gníid (“to do”).
| 1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive singular | Passive plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Conjunct | ·gnéu, ·gnéo | ·gné | ·gné | ·gnem | ·gneith, ·gneid | ·gnet | ·gneither | ·gnetar |
| Relative | — | — | gnete | ·gneither | ·gnetar |
| 1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive singular | Passive plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ·gneinn | ·gnetha | ·gneth, ·gned | ·gnemmis | ·gnethe | ·gnetis | ·gnethe | ·gnetis |
Prototonic forms of compound verbs like do·gní are inflected like regular a subjunctives:
| 1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive singular | Passive plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ·dén | ·dénae | ·déna | ·dénam | ·dénaid | ·dénat | ·déntar | ·dénatar |
| 1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive singular | Passive plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ·dénainn | ·dénta | ·dénad | ·dénmais | ·déntae | ·déntais | ·déntae | ·déntais |
Further reading
[edit]- McCone, Kim (1997) The Early Irish Verb (Maynooth Monographs 1), 2nd edition, Maynooth: An Sagart, →ISBN, pages 35–36
- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, §§ 608–612, pages 385–87; reprinted 2017