Appendix:Old Irish class A III present verbs

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Old Irish class A III verbs (McCone's hiatus verbs H1, H2, and H3) have a present stem that ends in a vowel; they are derived from Proto-Celtic verbs whose present stems ends in s, w, or y.

Absolute forms are not widely attested in this class; many of the forms given below are hypothetical.

See Category:Old Irish class A III present verbs for a list of verbs belonging to this class.

Nondeponent endings

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a-verbs

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McCone's class H1 comprises hiatus verbs whose stem ends in a or á. A sample verb for this class is ráïd (to row), but as that verb is not widely attested, at·tá (to be) provides a large complement of present conjunct forms. The endings are as follows:

Present indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
Absolute unattested; presumably *ráu and/or *ráïm unattested; presumably *raí ïd unattested; presumably *ráimmi unattested; presumably *ráithe ït ráithir unattested; presumably *ráitir
Conjunct ·u* ·t · ·am ·ïd ·at ·thar ·tar
Relative as unattested; presumably *ráimme unattested; presumably *ráite unattested; presumably *ráthar tar
*Contracted to ·tó in late Old Irish
Imperfect indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
unattested; presumably *·ráinn unattested; presumably *·rátha or *·ráithea ·raad unattested; presumably *·ráimmis unattested; presumably *·ráithe unattested; presumably *·ráitis unattested; presumably *·ráithe unattested; presumably *·ráitis
Imperative
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
unattested; presumably *rá unattested; presumably *ráad unattested; presumably *ráam unattested; presumably *ráïd unattested; presumably *ráat unattested; presumably *ráither unattested; presumably *ráiter

i-verbs

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McCone's class H2 comprises hiatus verbs whose stem ends in i or í. A sample verb for this class is gníïd (to do, make), whose conjunct forms are attested especially well in do·gní. This subclass has a tendency to take on their own unique subjunctive formation, the e-subjunctive.

The endings are as follows:

Present indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
Absolute gníu* gní gníid gnímmi unattested; presumably *gníthe gníit gníthir gnítir
Conjunct ·gníu* ·gní ·gní ·gniäm ·gníith ·gniät ·gníther ·gníter
Relative gnís gnímme gníte gníther gníter
*The ending -im is found in (·)liïm (from liïd) and in the prototonic form of some complex verbs such as ·dénaim from do·gní and ·accim from ad·cí.

ciïd (to weep) has cías.

Imperfect indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
·gníinn ·gníthea ·gníth* ·gnímmis ·gníthe ·gnítis ·gníthe ·gnítis
*ciïd (to weep) has ·cíad.
Imperative
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
gní gniäd gniäm gníid gniät gníther gníter

Other hiatus verbs

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McCone's class H3 comprises hiatus verbs whose stem ends in other vowels. Sample verb for this class include foïd (to spend the night), soïd (to turn), and sceïd (to vomit), as well as conjunct forms from ad·noí (to entrust), con·oí (to protect), and as·luí (to escape). The endings are as follows:

Present indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
Absolute unattested; presumably *fóu and/or *foïm unattested; presumably *foí foïd unattested; presumably *foïmmi unattested; presumably *foïthe foït nuithir unattested; presumably *foïtir
Conjunct ·noïm ·soí ·, ·luí unattested; presumably *·foam ·óïth ·oat, ·luat ·soíther unattested; presumably *·foïter
Relative soas unattested; presumably *·foïmme unattested; presumably *·foïte unattested; presumably *·foïther unattested; presumably *·foïter
Imperfect indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
unattested; presumably *·foïnn unattested; presumably *·foïthea or *·foätha unattested; presumably *·foäd unattested; presumably *·foïmmis unattested; presumably *·foïthe unattested; presumably *·foïtis unattested; presumably *·foïthe unattested; presumably *·foïtis
Imperative
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
toí unattested; presumably *foad unattested; presumably *foam unattested; presumably *foïd unattested; presumably *foat unattested; presumably *foïther unattested; presumably *foïter

Deponent endings

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Apparently only class H3 deponent verbs are attested. Sample verbs for this class are luïthir (to move) and con·oathar (to protect). The endings are as follows:

Present indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
Absolute* unattested; presumably *lúur unattested; presumably *luäthar unattested; presumably *luïthir unattested; presumably *luïmmir unattested; presumably *luïthe unattested; presumably *luïtir unattested; presumably *luïthir unattested; presumably *luïtir
Conjunct ·ur unattested; presumably *·luäthar ·oathar unattested; presumably *·luämmar ·óïth ·luatar ·óïther unattested; presumably *·luïter
Relative unattested; presumably *luäthar unattested; presumably *luämmar unattested; presumably *luätar unattested; presumably *luäthar unattested; presumably *luätar
Imperfect indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
·luïnn unattested; presumably *luätha ·luäd unattested; presumably *luïmmis unattested; presumably *luïthe unattested; presumably *luïtis unattested; presumably *luïthe unattested; presumably *luïtis
Imperative
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
unattested; presumably *luïthe unattested; presumably *luäd unattested; presumably *luäm unattested; presumably *luïd unattested; presumably *luätar unattested; presumably *luäthar unattested; presumably *luätar

Further reading

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  • McCone, Kim (1997) The Early Irish Verb (Maynooth Monographs 1), 2nd edition, Maynooth: An Sagart, →ISBN, pages 28–29
  • Stifter, David (2006) Sengoídelc: Old Irish for Beginners, Syracuse University Press, →ISBN, pages 132–35, 154, 167–68, 243
  • Strachan, John, Bergin, Osborn (1949) Old-Irish Paradigms and Selections from the Old-Irish Glosses, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, →ISBN, pages 34–43
  • Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, pages 352, 375–76; reprinted 2017