gníid

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *gniyeti, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈɡʲnʲiː.iðʲ]

Verb

gníid (conjunct ·gní, verbal noun gním)

1. to do
   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 3^c30

     na·gníu-sa iárnairgairiu

     I do it after it is forbidden.

   • c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 143^a6

     Is hinonn persan gnís ⁊ fo·daim.

     It is the same person who acts and suffers.

2. to make
   • c. 750-800 Tairired na nDessi from Rawlinson B 502, published in "The Expulsion of the Dessi", Y Cymmrodor (1901, Society of Cymmrodorion), edited and with translations by Kuno Meyer, vol. 14, pp. 104-135, paragraph 3

     Is desin ro·gníd Ocheill for Temraig sechtair […]

     Hence Achaill was built by the side of Tara...

3. to work
   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 51^b10

     In tan as·mber Dauid “intellectum tibi dabo”, sech is arde són do·mbéra Día do neuch nod·n-eirbea ind ⁊ génas triit con·festar cid as imgabthi do dénum di ulc ⁊ cid as déinti dó di maith. Aithesc trá lesom insin a persin Dǽ.

     When David says, “I will give thee understanding”, that is a sign that God will give to everyone that will trust in him, and work through him, that he may know what evil he must avoid doing, and what good he must do. He has then here a reply in the person of God.

Conjugation

Simple, class A III present, reduplicated s preterite, é future, e subjunctive

		1st sg	2nd sg	3rd sg	1st pl	2nd pl	3rd pl	passive sg	passive pl
present indicative	abs.			gníid					gnítir
	conj.	·gníu		·gní		·gníid		·gníther
	rel.			gnís			gníte		gníter
imperfect indicative				·gníad
preterite	abs.			génais
	conj.			·géni			·génset	·gníth	·gnítha
	rel.
perfect	deut.			ro·géni			ro·génset	ro·gníth; ro·gníd	ro·gnítha
	prot.
future	abs.
	conj.
	rel.			génas			génde
conditional
present subjunctive	abs.
	conj.
	rel.						gnete
past subjunctive					·gnemmis		·gnetis
imperative
verbal noun		gním
past participle		gnethae
verbal of necessity

Derived terms

• con·gní
• do·gní
• fo·gní
• fris·gní
• imm·fogni

Mutation

Mutation of gníid

radical	lenition	nasalization
gníid	gníid pronounced with /ɣ(ʲ)-/	ngníid

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “gníid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Pedersen, Holger (1913) Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen [Comparative Grammar of the Celtic Languages] (in German), volume II, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, →ISBN, page 540