-ttu

See also: ttu

Finnish

Alternative forms

• -tu, -ty (with some verbs)

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-ttu, from *-tta- (passive infix) + an uncertain suffix, probably either *-u or *-ut (compare *-nut).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-tːu(ˣ)/, [-t̪ːu(ʔ)]

Suffix

-ttu (front vowel harmony variant -tty, linguistic notation -ttU)

1. Forms the past passive participle of a verb, which is normally used like an adjective. The English equivalent is normally -ed.

   ‎katsoa (“to see, look, watch”) + ‎-ttu → ‎katsottu (“(that has been) seen, watched”)

Usage notes

• Some inflected forms have specific uses:
  • genitive singular: used with verbs of reporting or observing to refer to the action having been done by someone (passively) according to that report or observation.

    Artikkelia sanotaan luetun paljon Suomen kouluissa. ― It is said that this article has been read a lot in Finnish schools.

  • partitive singular:
    1. used (chiefly) with a possessive suffix for "having done", "after X had done"

       Syötyäni päätin ottaa nokoset. ― Having eaten, I decided to take a nap.

    2. used with saada to express finishing something, often in the sense of an achievement

       Sain sen syötyä. ― I managed to eat it.

    3. used with tulla without a possessive suffix to disparagingly talk about something someone has done

       Mitä tuli sanottua? ― What did you (just) say (to me)?

Declension

Inflection of -ttu (Kotus type 1*C/valo, tt-t gradation)
nominative		-ttu	-tut
genitive		-tun	-ttujen
partitive		-ttua	-ttuja
illative		-ttuun	-ttuihin
		singular	plural
nominative		-ttu	-tut
accusative	nom.	-ttu	-tut
	gen.	-tun
genitive		-tun	-ttujen
partitive		-ttua	-ttuja
inessive		-tussa	-tuissa
elative		-tusta	-tuista
illative		-ttuun	-ttuihin
adessive		-tulla	-tuilla
ablative		-tulta	-tuilta
allative		-tulle	-tuille
essive		-ttuna	-ttuina
translative		-tuksi	-tuiksi
abessive		-tutta	-tuitta
instructive		—	-tuin
comitative		—	-ttuine

Possessive forms of -ttu (Kotus type 1*C/valo, tt-t gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -ttuni -ttuni accusative nom. -ttuni -ttuni gen. -ttuni genitive -ttuni -ttujeni partitive -ttuani -ttujani inessive -tussani -tuissani elative -tustani -tuistani illative -ttuuni -ttuihini adessive -tullani -tuillani ablative -tultani -tuiltani allative -tulleni -tuilleni essive -ttunani -ttuinani translative -tukseni -tuikseni abessive -tuttani -tuittani instructive — — comitative — -ttuineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -ttusi -ttusi accusative nom. -ttusi -ttusi gen. -ttusi genitive -ttusi -ttujesi partitive -ttuasi -ttujasi inessive -tussasi -tuissasi elative -tustasi -tuistasi illative -ttuusi -ttuihisi adessive -tullasi -tuillasi ablative -tultasi -tuiltasi allative -tullesi -tuillesi essive -ttunasi -ttuinasi translative -tuksesi -tuiksesi abessive -tuttasi -tuittasi instructive — — comitative — -ttuinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -ttumme -ttumme accusative nom. -ttumme -ttumme gen. -ttumme genitive -ttumme -ttujemme partitive -ttuamme -ttujamme inessive -tussamme -tuissamme elative -tustamme -tuistamme illative -ttuumme -ttuihimme adessive -tullamme -tuillamme ablative -tultamme -tuiltamme allative -tullemme -tuillemme essive -ttunamme -ttuinamme translative -tuksemme -tuiksemme abessive -tuttamme -tuittamme instructive — — comitative — -ttuinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -ttunne -ttunne accusative nom. -ttunne -ttunne gen. -ttunne genitive -ttunne -ttujenne partitive -ttuanne -ttujanne inessive -tussanne -tuissanne elative -tustanne -tuistanne illative -ttuunne -ttuihinne adessive -tullanne -tuillanne ablative -tultanne -tuiltanne allative -tullenne -tuillenne essive -ttunanne -ttuinanne translative -tuksenne -tuiksenne abessive -tuttanne -tuittanne instructive — — comitative — -ttuinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -ttunsa -ttunsa accusative nom. -ttunsa -ttunsa gen. -ttunsa genitive -ttunsa -ttujensa partitive -ttuaan -ttuansa -ttujaan -ttujansa inessive -tussaan -tussansa -tuissaan -tuissansa elative -tustaan -tustansa -tuistaan -tuistansa illative -ttuunsa -ttuihinsa adessive -tullaan -tullansa -tuillaan -tuillansa ablative -tultaan -tultansa -tuiltaan -tuiltansa allative -tulleen -tullensa -tuilleen -tuillensa essive -ttunaan -ttunansa -ttuinaan -ttuinansa translative -tukseen -tuksensa -tuikseen -tuiksensa abessive -tuttaan -tuttansa -tuittaan -tuittansa instructive — — comitative — -ttuineen -ttuinensa

Derived terms

• -tuinen