-еский

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Russian

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic -ьскъ (-ĭskŭ), from Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ. Doublet of -ский (-skij).

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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-еский (-eskij)

  1. Used to form adjectives from nouns or sometimes other adjectives, often relational (meaning "related to X"); a variant of -ский (-skij): -ian, -ic, -ish
    уча́стник (učástnik, participant) + ‎-еский (-eskij) → ‎уча́стнический (učástničeskij, participant (relational))
    комме́рция (kommércija, commerce) + ‎-еский (-eskij) → ‎комме́рческий (kommérčeskij, commercial)
    враг (vrag, enemy) + ‎-еский (-eskij) → ‎вра́жеский (vrážeskij, enemy, hostile)
    мона́х (monáx, monk) + ‎-еский (-eskij) → ‎мона́шеский (monášeskij, monastic)
    това́рищ (továrišč, comrade, friend) + ‎-еский (-eskij) → ‎това́рищеский (továriščeskij, friendly)
    князь (knjazʹ, prince; duke) + ‎-еский (-eskij) → ‎кня́жеский (knjážeskij, princely, prince's; duke's)

Usage notes

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  • Usually occurs after stems historically ending in velar consonants (synchronically in /к/, /г/, /х/, /ц/, /з/). Triggers the first Slavic palatalisation.
  • The adverb is -ески (-eski).
  • The longer suffixes -ческий (-českij) and -и́ческий (-íčeskij) were generalized through rebracketing of nouns with roots ending in к and ик respectively.

Declension

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Derived terms

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