𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁
Old Uyghur
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- 𐽶𐾁 (yl /y(é)l/), 𐽶𐽶𐾁 (yyl /yél/), 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁 (yyyyl /yiéél, yééél/), 𐽶𐽰𐾁 (yʾl /yel/), 𐽶𐽶𐽾 (yyr /yér/), 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐽾 (yyyr /yḗr/)
- 𐰘𐰃𐰠 (y²il² /yil/) (Sense 5)
- 𐫏𐫏𐫓 (yyl /yél, yil/)
- 𑀬𑁂𑀮𑁆 (yel /yel/), 𑀬𑀺𑀮𑁆 (yil /yél, yil/)
- ཡིལ (yil /yél/)
Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Turkic *yẹl ~ *yẹ̄l (“wind”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰘𐰠 (y²l² /yél/), Karakhanid یَلْ (/yél/) and Yakut сиэл (siel, “mane”).
The reason this term is found most often with a duplicated yodh in writing is perhaps to avoid homography with 𐽶𐽶𐾁 (yyl /yïl/, “year”). It may also hint at a long vowel (ḗ).
Oldest works (c. 9th century) spell this word as 𐽶𐽶𐽾 (yyr) or 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐽾 (yyyr), while the 𐽶𐽶𐽾 (yyr /yér/, “place, ground, Earth”) was spelled 𐽶𐽾 (yr). These old spellings, clearly influenced by the Sogdian and Orkhon scripts, gave way to the more common 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁 (yyyl, “wind”) and 𐽶𐽶𐽾 (yyr, “ground”), respectively.
Noun
[edit]𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁 (yyyl /yél, yil, yḗl, yiél, yéél, yiil/)
- wind, gust
- air
- Synonym: 𐽰𐽰𐽷𐽰𐽽𐽰 (ʾʾkʾcʾ /akaš/)
- (meteorology) unweather, strong wind, hurricane, borea, snow storm, blizzard
- (religion) demoniacal possession, evil spirits, delinquency
- Synonym: 𐾀𐽳𐾀𐽹𐽰𐽷 (twtmʾk /tutmak/)
- (zootomy, anatomy) mane
Declension
[edit]| singular | definite plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁 (yyyl) | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾 (yyyllʾr) |
| genitive | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (yyylnynk) | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (yyyllʾrnynk) |
| dative | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽷𐽰 (yyylkʾ) | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽷𐽰 (yyyllʾrkʾ) |
| accusative | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽶𐽲 (yyylyq) 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽺𐽶 (yyylny) |
𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽲 (yyyllʾryq) 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶 (yyyllʾrny) |
| locative | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾀𐽰 (yyyltʾ) | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽰 (yyyllʾrtʾ) |
| ablative | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾀𐽶𐽺 (yyyltyn) | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽶𐽺 (yyyllʾrtyn) |
| instrumental | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽶𐽺 (yyylyn) | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽺 (yyyllʾryn) |
| equative | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽽𐽰 (yyylcʾ) | |
| directive | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽷𐽰𐽾𐽳 (yyylkʾrw) | |
| similative | 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽶𐽳 (yyyllʾyw) |
Compound terms
[edit]- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁 𐽰𐽶𐽷 (yyyl ʾyk /yiél ig/, “rheumatism”)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽼𐽶 (yyyl twypy /yiél tüpi/, “snowstorm”)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁 𐾀𐽶𐾁𐽷𐽰𐽺𐽶 (yyyl tylkʾny /yiél tilgeni/, “wind vane, weather vane, pinwheel”) (used in meditations)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁 𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶𐽻𐽶 (yyyl tnkrysy /yiél teŋrisi/, “the god of wind”)
Derived terms
[edit]- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽰𐽶𐽳 (yyylʾyw /yiéleyü/, “illusory, imaginary, magical”)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽰𐽺𐽷 (yyylʾnk /yiéleŋ/, “windy”) (said of places)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽱𐽶 (yyylβy /yélvi/, “magic, illusion, imaginary things, irrealis”)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽳 (yyylw /yiélü/, “strand of rope used to hang small animals”)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽳 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽰𐽺 (yyylw kwykʾn /yiélü kögen/, “rainbow”)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽼𐽶𐽷 (yyylpyk /yiélpik/, “dwarf demons, apparition”)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽼𐽶𐽷𐽳 (yyylpykw /yiélpikü/, “hand fan, duster; halo, nimbus”)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽼𐽶𐽹𐽰𐽷 (yyylpymʾk /yiélpimek/, “to use a hand fan”)
- 𐽶𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾀𐽶𐽾𐽹𐽰𐽷 (yyyltyrmʾk /yiéltirmek/, “to blow”)
Descendants
[edit]- →⇒ Classical Mongolian: ᠳᠡᠯᠢ
ᠰᠤᠯᠠ (deli sula, “worthless, unnecessary”) - →⇒? Mongolian: дэл (del, “mane”)
- Western Yugur: jel (/yel/, “wind”)
- ⇒ Western Yugur: jelə (/yelï/, “horse mane”)
References
[edit]- Caferoğlu, Ahmet (1968) “yil, yiil”, in Eski Uygur Türkçesi Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 260) (in Turkish), Istanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, page 296
- Clauson, Gerard (1972) “1 yé:l”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pages 916-917
- Nadeljajev, V. M.; Nasilov, D. M.; Tenišev, E. R.; Ščerbak, A. M., editors (1969), “JEL I, JEL II”, in Drevnetjurkskij slovarʹ [Dictionary of Old Turkic] (in Russian), Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, Nauka, page 254
- Wilkens, Jens (2021) “(1) yel”, in Handworterbuch des Altuigurischen, Göttingen: Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, pages 885-886