𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *gakeusaną. Equivalent to 𐌲𐌰- (ga-) +‎ 𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 (kiusan).

Verb

𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 • (gakiusan) (perfective)

1. to prove, test
   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, Romans 12:2:

     𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌸 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰, 𐌰𐌺 𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 𐍈𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌲𐍉𐌸 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽.

     ni galeikōþ izwis þamma aiwa, ak inmaidjaiþ ananiujiþai fraþjis izwaris du gakiusan ƕa sijai wilja gudis, þatei gōþ jah galeikaiþ jah ustauhan.

     And be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God. (KJV)

   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, Romans 14:18:

     𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐌿𐌺 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌸 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿, 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌼.

     saei auk in þaim skalkinōþ xristau, waila galeikaiþ guda jah gakusans ist mannam.

     For he that in these things serveth Christ is acceptable to God, and approved of men. (KJV)

   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, 1 Corinthians 14:18:

     𐌰𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐌹𐌺 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍅𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌸𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌺𐌻𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌹.

     aþþan gakiusai sik silban manna jah swa þis hlaibis matjai jaþþis stiklis drigkai.

     But let a man examine himself, and so let him eat of that bread, and drink of that cup. (KJV)

   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, 1 Corinthians 16:3:

     𐌰𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌱𐌹𐌸𐌴 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰, 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌶𐌴𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌼.

     aþþan biþē qima, þanzei gakiusiþ þairh bōkōs þans sandja briggan anst izwara in iairusalēm.

     And when I come, whomsoever ye shall approve by your letters, them will I send to bring your liberality unto Jerusalem. (KJV)

   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, 2 Corinthians 10:18:

     𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐌹𐌺 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌸, 𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃, 𐌰𐌺 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌸.

     untē ni saei sik silban gaswikunþeiþ, jains ist gakusands, ak þanei frauja gaswikunþeiþ.

     For not he that commendeth himself is approved, but whom the Lord commendeth. (KJV)

   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, 2 Corinthians 13:17:

     𐌰𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌳𐌿 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄 𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸; 𐌽𐌹 𐌴𐌹 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌿𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰, 𐌰𐌺 𐌴𐌹 𐌾𐌿𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌲𐍉𐌳𐍉 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸, 𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌿𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰.

     aþþan bidja du guda ei ni waiht ubilis taujaiþ; ni ei weis ungakusanai þugkjaima, ak ei jus þata gōdō taujaiþ, iþ weis swē ungakusanai þugkjaima.

     Now I pray to God that ye do no evil; not that we should appear approved, but that ye should do that which is honest, though we be as reprobates. (KJV)

   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, Ephesians 5:10:

     𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽,

     gakiusandans þatei sijai waila galeikaiþ fraujin,

     Proving what is acceptable unto the Lord. (KJV)

   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, 1 Timothy 3:10:

     𐌾𐌰𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌾𐌰𐍃𐍃𐍅𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃.

     jaþþai þan gakiusaindau frumist jasswa andbahtjaina ungafairinōdai wisandans.

     And let these also first be proved; then let them use the office of a deacon, being found blameless. (KJV)

   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, 2 Timothy 2:15:

     𐌿𐍃𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐌸𐌿𐌺 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌿𐍃𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰, 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌱𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃.

     usdaudei þuk silban gakusanana usgiban guda waurstwjan unaiwiskana, raihtaba raidjandan waurd sunjōs.

     Study to shew thyself approved unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth. (KJV)

Conjugation

A variant spelling 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (gakusands) is attested.

Class 2 strong
Infinitive	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 gakiusan
Indicative	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰 gakiusa	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃 gakaus	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌰 gakiusada
2nd singular	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌹𐍃 gakiusis	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄 gakaust	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌶𐌰 gakiusaza
3rd singular	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌸 gakiusiþ	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃 gakaus	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌰 gakiusada
1st dual	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐍉𐍃 gakiusōs	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌿 gakusu	—
2nd dual	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐍄𐍃 gakiusats	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌿𐍄𐍃 gakusuts	—
1st plural	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌼 gakiusam	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌼 gakusum	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 gakiusanda
2nd plural	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌸 gakiusiþ	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌸 gakusuþ	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 gakiusanda
3rd plural	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳 gakiusand	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽 gakusun	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 gakiusanda
Subjunctive	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌿 gakiusau	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌿 gakusjau	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 gakiusaidau
2nd singular	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍃 gakiusais	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍃 gakuseis	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 gakiusaizau
3rd singular	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹 gakiusai	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌹 gakusi	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 gakiusaidau
1st dual	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 gakiusaiwa	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 gakuseiwa	—
2nd dual	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 gakiusaits	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 gakuseits	—
1st plural	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 gakiusaima	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 gakuseima	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 gakiusaindau
2nd plural	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌸 gakiusaiþ	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌸 gakuseiþ	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 gakiusaindau
3rd plural	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 gakiusaina	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 gakuseina	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 gakiusaindau
Imperative
2nd singular	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃 gakius
3rd singular	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 gakiusadau
2nd dual	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐍄𐍃 gakiusats
2nd plural	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌸 gakiusiþ
3rd plural	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 gakiusandau
	Present	Past
Participles	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 gakiusands	𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃 gakusans

Derived terms

• 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃 (gakusts)
• 𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃 (ungakusans)