𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *bisaulijaną. By surface analysis, 𐌱𐌹- (bi-) +‎ *𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*sauljan). Cognate with German Low German besölen (“to dirty, defile”), English besoil (“to make dirty”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /biˈsɔːljan/

Verb

𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 • (bisauljan)

1. to defile, pollute
   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, Titus 1:15:

     𐌰𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐌻𐌻 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼, 𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌽𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽, 𐌰𐌺 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌷𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐌸𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌴𐌹.

     aþþan all hrain hrainjaim, iþ bisaulidaim jah ungalaubjandam ni waiht hrain, ak bisaulida sind izē jah aha jah miþwissei.

     Unto the pure all things are pure: but unto them that are defiled and unbelieving is nothing pure; but even their mind and conscience is defiled. (KJV)

Usage notes

• Glosses Ancient Greek μιαίνω (miaínō).

Conjugation

Class 1 weak
Infinitive	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 bisauljan
Indicative	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰 bisaulja	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 bisaulida	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 bisauljada
2nd singular	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 bisauleis	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐍃 bisaulidēs	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌶𐌰 bisauljaza
3rd singular	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸 bisauleiþ	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 bisaulida	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 bisauljada
1st dual	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐍉𐍃 bisauljōs	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿 bisaulidēdu	—
2nd dual	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 bisauljats	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍄𐍃 bisaulidēduts	—
1st plural	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌼 bisauljam	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 bisaulidēdum	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 bisauljanda
2nd plural	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸 bisauleiþ	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸 bisaulidēduþ	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 bisauljanda
3rd plural	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 bisauljand	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 bisaulidēdun	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 bisauljanda
Subjunctive	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌿 bisauljau	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 bisaulidēdjau	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 bisauljaidau
2nd singular	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍃 bisauljais	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 bisaulidēdeis	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 bisauljaizau
3rd singular	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌹 bisauljai	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹 bisaulidēdi	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 bisauljaidau
1st dual	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 bisauljaiwa	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 bisaulidēdeiwa	—
2nd dual	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 bisauljaits	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 bisaulidēdeits	—
1st plural	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 bisauljaima	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 bisaulidēdeima	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 bisauljaindau
2nd plural	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸 bisauljaiþ	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 bisaulidēdeiþ	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 bisauljaindau
3rd plural	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 bisauljaina	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 bisaulidēdeina	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 bisauljaindau
Imperative
2nd singular	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹 bisaulei
3rd singular	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 bisauljadau
2nd dual	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 bisauljats
2nd plural	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸 bisauleiþ
3rd plural	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 bisauljandau
	Present	Past
Participles	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 bisauljands	𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌸𐍃 bisauliþs

Related terms

• 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (bisauleins)
• 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌽𐌰𐌽 (bisaulnan)

Further reading

• Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, p. 118