𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

𐌱𐌹- (bi-) +‎ 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (rōdjan). Glosses Ancient Greek γογγύζω (gongúzō).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /biˈroːdjan/, [biˈroːðjan]

Verb

𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 • (birōdjan)

1. to murmur, complain
   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, John 6:41–43:

     𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌹 𐌹𐌽𐌰, 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 𐌵𐌰𐌸: 𐌹𐌺 𐌹𐌼 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐍄𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌿𐍃 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌵𐌴𐌸𐌿𐌽: 𐌽𐌹𐌿 𐍃𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌿𐍃 𐍃𐌰 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 𐌹𐍉𐍃𐌴𐍆𐌹𐍃, 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴𐌹 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽? 𐍈𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 𐌽𐌿 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌿𐍃 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐍄𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌲? 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌷𐍉𐍆 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌿𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌵𐌰𐌸 𐌳𐌿 𐌹𐌼: 𐌽𐌹 𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍃𐍉.

     birōdidēdun þan iudaieis bi ina, untē qaþ: ik im hlaifs sa atsteigands us himina, jah qēþun: niu sa ist iēsus sa sunus iōsēfis, þizei weis kunþēdum attan jah aiþein? ƕaiwa nu qiþiþ sa þatei us himina atstaig? andhōf þan iēsus jah qaþ du im: ni birōdeiþ miþ izwis missō.

     The Jews then murmured at him, because he said, I am the bread which came down from heaven. And they said, Is not this Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know? how is it then that he saith, I came down from heaven? Jesus therefore answered and said unto them, Murmur not among yourselves. (KJV)

   • 4th century C.E., Wulfila (attributed), Gothic Bible, John 7:32:

     𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐌹 𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰. 𐌹𐌽𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐌴𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌽𐌰.

     hausidēdun þan fareisaieis þō managein birōdjandein bi ina þata. inuhsandidēdun andbahtans þai fareisaieis jah þai auhumistans gudjans, ei gafaifaheina ina.

     The Pharisees heard that the people murmured such things concerning him; and the Pharisees and the chief priests sent officers to take him. (KJV)

Conjugation

Class 1 weak
Infinitive	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 birōdjan
Indicative	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰 birōdja	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 birōdida	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 birōdjada
2nd singular	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 birōdeis	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐍃 birōdidēs	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌶𐌰 birōdjaza
3rd singular	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 birōdeiþ	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 birōdida	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 birōdjada
1st dual	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 birōdjōs	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿 birōdidēdu	—
2nd dual	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 birōdjats	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍄𐍃 birōdidēduts	—
1st plural	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌼 birōdjam	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 birōdidēdum	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 birōdjanda
2nd plural	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 birōdeiþ	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸 birōdidēduþ	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 birōdjanda
3rd plural	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 birōdjand	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 birōdidēdun	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 birōdjanda
Subjunctive	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 birōdjau	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 birōdidēdjau	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 birōdjaidau
2nd singular	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍃 birōdjais	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 birōdidēdeis	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 birōdjaizau
3rd singular	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 birōdjai	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹 birōdidēdi	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 birōdjaidau
1st dual	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 birōdjaiwa	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 birōdidēdeiwa	—
2nd dual	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 birōdjaits	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 birōdidēdeits	—
1st plural	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 birōdjaima	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 birōdidēdeima	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 birōdjaindau
2nd plural	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸 birōdjaiþ	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 birōdidēdeiþ	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 birōdjaindau
3rd plural	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 birōdjaina	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 birōdidēdeina	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 birōdjaindau
Imperative
2nd singular	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹 birōdei
3rd singular	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 birōdjadau
2nd dual	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 birōdjats
2nd plural	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 birōdeiþ
3rd plural	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 birōdjandau
	Present	Past
Participles	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 birōdjands	𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌸𐍃 birōdiþs

Derived terms

• 𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (birōdeins)

Further reading

• Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, p. 112