ꜣwj

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈʀaːwaj/ → /ˈʀaːwaj/ → /ʔaːwə/ → /ʔoːw/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʀaːwaj/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʀaːwaj/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʔaːwə/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʔoːw/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑuːi/
  • Conventional anglicization: awi

Verb

 3ae inf.

1. (intransitive) to be(come) wide, to be(come) long
2. (intransitive) to be(come) long (in time or duration)
3. (intransitive) to be(come) rich or abundant in something, particularly offerings [Late Period, Greco-Roman Period]
4. (intransitive, shortened from ꜣwj-jb) to rejoice, be(come) glad [Greco-Roman Period]

Usage notes

This intransitive use of this verb is attested earlier than the transitive use below.

Inflection

Conjugation of ꜣwj (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: ꜣw

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ꜣwt, ꜣwj	ꜣww, ꜣw	ꜣwt, ꜣwwt, ꜣwyt	ꜣw	ꜣw, ꜣwy

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ꜣw8	ḥr ꜣwt, ḥr ꜣwj	m ꜣwt, m ꜣwj	r ꜣwt, r ꜣwj

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
		aspect / mood	active
perfect	ꜣw.n	consecutive	ꜣw.jn
terminative	ꜣwt, ꜣwyt
perfective3	ꜣw	obligative1	ꜣw.ḫr
imperfective	ꜣw, ꜣwy
prospective3	ꜣww, ꜣw, ꜣwy	potentialis1	ꜣw.kꜣ
subjunctive	ꜣw, ꜣwy

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
	active	active	passive
perfect	ꜣw.n	—	—
perfective	ꜣww1, ꜣwy, ꜣw	ꜣw	ꜣwy, ꜣw
imperfective	ꜣw, ꜣwy, ꜣww5	ꜣw, ꜣwj6, ꜣwy6	ꜣw, ꜣww5
prospective	ꜣww1, ꜣwy, ꜣw, ꜣwtj7	ꜣwwtj1 4, ꜣwtj4, ꜣwt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜣwj  

ꜣwj	ꜣwj	ꜣwj	ꜣwj
[Old Kingdom]	[18th Dynasty]	[18th Dynasty]	[Late Egyptian]

Derived terms

• ꜣwj-jb
• ꜣwt
• ꜣwt-jb

 

Related terms

• ꜣw

Descendants

• Demotic: ꜥw
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲱⲟⲩ (ōou)

Verb

 3ae inf.

1. (transitive) to extend, to stretch out (a hand or arm)
2. (transitive) to give as an offering
3. (transitive) to present or deliver, particularly a document to an authority
4. (transitive) to announce or present (a person) (+ n: to someone)
5. (reflexive) to arouse^? oneself (to fight)
   • 18th Dynasty, scarab of Tuthmosis IV:

     jr ꜣww.f sw r ꜥḥꜣ jtn r ḥꜣt.f sw (ḥr) sksk ḏww ḥr ptpt ḫꜣswt

     If he arouses himself to fight, with the Aten in front of him, he destroys the mountains and tramples down the foreign lands.

Inflection

Conjugation of ꜣwj (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: ꜣw

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ꜣwt, ꜣwj	ꜣww, ꜣw	ꜣwt, ꜣwwt, ꜣwyt	ꜣw	ꜣw, ꜣwy

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ꜣw8	ḥr ꜣwt, ḥr ꜣwj	m ꜣwt, m ꜣwj	r ꜣwt, r ꜣwj

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ꜣw.n	ꜣww, ꜣw, ꜣwy	consecutive	ꜣw.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ꜣwt, ꜣwyt
perfective3	ꜣw	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ꜣw.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ꜣw, ꜣwy	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ꜣww, ꜣw, ꜣwy	ꜣww, ꜣw, ꜣwy	potentialis1	ꜣw.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ꜣw, ꜣwy	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ꜣw.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ꜣww1, ꜣwy, ꜣw	active + .tj1, .tw2	ꜣw	ꜣwy, ꜣw
imperfective	ꜣw, ꜣwy, ꜣww5	active + .tj1, .tw2	ꜣw, ꜣwj6, ꜣwy6	ꜣw, ꜣww5
prospective	ꜣww1, ꜣwy, ꜣw, ꜣwtj7	—	ꜣwwtj1 4, ꜣwtj4, ꜣwt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜣwj  

ꜣwj	ꜣwj	ꜣwj	ꜣwj	ꜣwj	ꜣwj	ꜣwy	jꜣwj
	[Old Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]	[Late Egyptian]	[Late Egyptian]	[Late Egyptian]	[Late Period]

Derived terms

• ꜣwj-ꜥ
• ꜣwj ḏrt
• ꜣwj ḏrt r
• ꜣwt
• ꜣwt-ꜥ

 

Descendants

From the imperative:

• Demotic: jꜣw
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲁⲩⲉⲉⲓ (aueei)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲩ (au), ⲁⲩⲉ (aue), ⲁⲩⲉⲓ (auei)

From the imperative compounded with sw:

• ⇒ Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲩⲓⲥ (auis)
• ⇒ Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲩⲉⲓⲥ (aueis)

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 3.12–4.6, 5.4–5.12
• Lesko, Leonard, Lesko, Barbara (2002) A Dictionary of Late Egyptian, second edition, volume 1, Providence: B.C. Scribe Publications, →ISBN, pages 2–3
• Wilson, Penelope (1991) A Lexicographical Study of the Ptolemaic Texts in the Temple of Edfu, Liverpool: University of Liverpool, pages 3–4
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 1–2
• Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 14, 230
• Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 18