難い
Japanese
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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難 |
かた Grade: 6 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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難い (kyūjitai) |
From Old Japanese. The meaning developed from 堅い (katai, “hard, stiff, immovable”) to overtones of difficult.[1][2] Compare the similar development of English hard.
The difficult meaning was already apparent in the Man'yōshū, completed in the latter half of the 700s.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]難い • (katai) -i (adverbial 難く (kataku))
- (archaic) difficult
- , text here:
- 中麻奈尓、宇伎乎流布祢能、許藝弖奈婆、安布許等可多思、家布尓思安良受波
- Nakamana ni, ukiworu fune no, kogidenaba, afu koto katasi, kefu ni siarazu fa.
- If you go out rowing the boat floating on the Nakamana [river], meeting would be difficult, if we don't do it today.
- 中麻奈尓、宇伎乎流布祢能、許藝弖奈婆、安布許等可多思、家布尓思安良受波
- , text here:
Usage notes
[edit]This term is seldom used as an independent term in modern Japanese. It appears much more commonly as a suffix, as described below.
Conjugation
[edit]Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 難かろ | かたかろ | katakaro |
Continuative (連用形) | 難く | かたく | kataku |
Terminal (終止形) | 難い | かたい | katai |
Attributive (連体形) | 難い | かたい | katai |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 難けれ | かたけれ | katakere |
Imperative (命令形) | 難かれ | かたかれ | katakare |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 難くない | かたくない | kataku nai |
Informal past | 難かった | かたかった | katakatta |
Informal negative past | 難くなかった | かたくなかった | kataku nakatta |
Formal | 難いです | かたいです | katai desu |
Formal negative | 難くないです | かたくないです | kataku nai desu |
Formal past | 難かったです | かたかったです | katakatta desu |
Formal negative past | 難くなかったです | かたくなかったです | kataku nakatta desu |
Conjunctive | 難くて | かたくて | katakute |
Conditional | 難ければ | かたければ | katakereba |
Provisional | 難かったら | かたかったら | katakattara |
Volitional | 難かろう | かたかろう | katakarō |
Adverbial | 難く | かたく | kataku |
Degree | 難さ | かたさ | katasa |
Etymology 2
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
難 |
がた Grade: 6 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
難い (kyūjitai) |
Shift in pronunciation from katai above, as this term became more of a fused suffix than an independent term.[1][2] The katai changes to gatai as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]難い • (-gatai) -i (adverbial 難く (-gataku))
- difficult or hard to do
- This suffix attaches to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb to express the difficulty of doing the action.
- c. 935: Tosa Nikki, page 3[3]
- 年頃よく比べつる人人なむ、別れ難く思ひて、日しきりに、とかくしつつ、ののしるうちに、夜更けぬ。
- Toshigoro yoku kurabetsuru hitobito namu, wakaregataku omoite, hi shikiri ni, tokaku shitsutsu, nonoshiru uchi ni, yo fukenu.
- Those who were close for many years found it difficult to part, and while boisterously getting things done all day, the night deepened.
- 年頃よく比べつる人人なむ、別れ難く思ひて、日しきりに、とかくしつつ、ののしるうちに、夜更けぬ。
Usage notes
[edit]Usually spelled in hiragana, with the kanji spelling usually reserved for formal contexts.
Conjugation
[edit]Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 難かろ | がたかろ | -gatakaro |
Continuative (連用形) | 難く | がたく | -gataku |
Terminal (終止形) | 難い | がたい | -gatai |
Attributive (連体形) | 難い | がたい | -gatai |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 難けれ | がたけれ | -gatakere |
Imperative (命令形) | 難かれ | がたかれ | -gatakare |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 難くない | がたくない | -gataku nai |
Informal past | 難かった | がたかった | -gatakatta |
Informal negative past | 難くなかった | がたくなかった | -gataku nakatta |
Formal | 難いです | がたいです | -gatai desu |
Formal negative | 難くないです | がたくないです | -gataku nai desu |
Formal past | 難かったです | がたかったです | -gatakatta desu |
Formal negative past | 難くなかったです | がたくなかったです | -gataku nakatta desu |
Conjunctive | 難くて | がたくて | -gatakute |
Conditional | 難ければ | がたければ | -gatakereba |
Provisional | 難かったら | がたかったら | -gatakattara |
Volitional | 難かろう | がたかろう | -gatakarō |
Adverbial | 難く | がたく | -gataku |
Degree | 難さ | がたさ | -gatasa |
Synonyms
[edit]- 難い (-nikui) (emphasis on “disagreeable to do”; see below)
- 辛い (-zurai) (emphasis on “painful to do”)
Antonyms
[edit]- 易い (-yasui)
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
難 |
にく Grade: 6 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
難い (kyūjitai) |
Derived as the suffixization of Old Japanese adjective 憎い (nikui, “disagreeable, dislikeable”, modern “hateful, abominable”).[1][2] Cognate with 憎む (nikumu, “to hate”).[2]
Alternative forms
[edit]- 悪い (rare)
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]難い • (-nikui) -i (adverbial 難く (-nikuku))
- difficult or hard to do (emphasis on the disagreeability of performing the action)
- This suffix attaches to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb to express the difficulty of doing the action.
Usage notes
[edit]More commonly spelled in hiragana, as にくい.
Conjugation
[edit]Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 難かろ | にくかろ | -nikukaro |
Continuative (連用形) | 難く | にくく | -nikuku |
Terminal (終止形) | 難い | にくい | -nikui |
Attributive (連体形) | 難い | にくい | -nikui |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 難けれ | にくけれ | -nikukere |
Imperative (命令形) | 難かれ | にくかれ | -nikukare |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 難くない | にくくない | -nikuku nai |
Informal past | 難かった | にくかった | -nikukatta |
Informal negative past | 難くなかった | にくくなかった | -nikuku nakatta |
Formal | 難いです | にくいです | -nikui desu |
Formal negative | 難くないです | にくくないです | -nikuku nai desu |
Formal past | 難かったです | にくかったです | -nikukatta desu |
Formal negative past | 難くなかったです | にくくなかったです | -nikuku nakatta desu |
Conjunctive | 難くて | にくくて | -nikukute |
Conditional | 難ければ | にくければ | -nikukereba |
Provisional | 難かったら | にくかったら | -nikukattara |
Volitional | 難かろう | にくかろう | -nikukarō |
Adverbial | 難く | にくく | -nikuku |
Degree | 難さ | にくさ | -nikusa |
Synonyms
[edit]Antonyms
[edit]- 易い (-yasui)
Derived terms
[edit]- 見難い (minikui): indistinct, hard to see
- 醜い (minikui): ugly; ignominious
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Hasegawa, Masaharu with Yūichirō Imanishi, Hiroshi Itō, Hiroshi Yoshioka (1989) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 24: Tosa Nikki, Kagerō Nikki, Murasaki Shikibu Nikki, Sarashina Nikki, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
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