羊羹

Chinese

Etymology 1

		caprid	soup
trad. (羊羹)		羊	羹
simp. #(羊羹)		羊	羹

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yánggēng

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄤˊ ㄍㄥ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): joeng⁴ gang¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yánggēng
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄤˊ ㄍㄥ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yánggeng
    • Wade–Giles: yang²-kêng¹
    • Yale: yáng-gēng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yanggeng
    • Palladius: янгэн (jangɛn)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɑŋ³⁵ kɤŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: joeng⁴ gang¹
    • Yale: yèuhng gāng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: joeng⁴ gang¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: yêng⁴ geng¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jœːŋ²¹ kɐŋ⁵⁵/

Noun

羊羹

1. lamb soup; lamb broth

Synonyms

• 羊湯／羊汤

Etymology 2

		caprid	soup
trad. (羊羹)		羊	羹
simp. #(羊羹)		羊	羹
alternative forms		洋羹

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 羊羹(ようかん) (yōkan), in turn from Chinese.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yánggēng

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄤˊ ㄍㄥ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): joeng⁴ gang¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yòng-kâng

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yánggēng
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄤˊ ㄍㄥ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yánggeng
    • Wade–Giles: yang²-kêng¹
    • Yale: yáng-gēng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yanggeng
    • Palladius: янгэн (jangɛn)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɑŋ³⁵ kɤŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: joeng⁴ gang¹
    • Yale: yèuhng gāng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: joeng⁴ gang¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: yêng⁴ geng¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jœːŋ²¹ kɐŋ⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yòng-kâng
    • Hakka Romanization System: iong^ˇ gang^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yong² gang¹
    • Sinological IPA: /i̯oŋ¹¹ kaŋ²⁴/

Noun

羊羹

1. yokan

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 羊羹 (“yokan”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		羊羹
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	羊羹
Cantonese	Hong Kong	羊羹
Hakka	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	羊羹
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	羊羹
	Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian)	羊羹
	Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian)	羊羹
	Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian)	羊羹
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	羊羹
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	羊羹
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	羊羹
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	羊羹
Southern Min	New Taipei (Tamsui)	羊羹, 菜燕糖
	New Taipei (Pingxi)	羊羹
	Kaohsiung	羊羹, 菜燕糖
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	羊羹
	Yilan (Toucheng)	羊羹
	Tainan (Anping)	羊羹
	Penghu (Xiyu)	羊羹

Etymology 3

		caprid	soup
trad. (羊羹)		羊	羹
simp. #(羊羹)		羊	羹
alternative forms		洋羹

From Japanese 羊羹(ようかん) (yōkan), in turn from Chinese.

Pronunciation

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yô-kháng
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iő-káng / io-kàng

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• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yô-kháng
    • Hakka Romanization System: io^ˊ kang^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yo¹ kang³
    • Sinological IPA (Northern, incl. Miaoli): /i̯o²⁴ kʰaŋ³¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Southern, incl. Neipu): /(j)i̯o²⁴ kʰaŋ³¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iő-káng
    • Tâi-lô: iő-káng
    • IPA (Taipei): /io³⁵ kaŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɤ³⁵ kaŋ⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: io-kàng
    • Tâi-lô: io-kàng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ioi'kaxng
    • IPA (Taipei): /io⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ²¹/

Noun

羊羹

1. yokan

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 羊羹 (“yokan”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		羊羹
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	羊羹
Cantonese	Hong Kong	羊羹
Hakka	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	羊羹
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	羊羹
	Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian)	羊羹
	Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian)	羊羹
	Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian)	羊羹
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	羊羹
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	羊羹
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	羊羹
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	羊羹
Southern Min	New Taipei (Tamsui)	羊羹, 菜燕糖
	New Taipei (Pingxi)	羊羹
	Kaohsiung	羊羹, 菜燕糖
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	羊羹
	Yilan (Toucheng)	羊羹
	Tainan (Anping)	羊羹
	Penghu (Xiyu)	羊羹

References

• 小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), editor (1931–1932), “羊羹”, in 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]‎^[1], volume 1 (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan, →OCLC, page 85

Japanese

羊羹 (yōkan)

Kanji in this term
羊	羹
よう Grade: 3	かん Hyōgai
kan'on	tōon

Etymology

/yaukan/ → /yɔːkan/ → /yoːkan/

Originally from Middle Chinese compound 羊羹 (yang kæng, literally “sheep + soup, broth”). The gelatin meaning arose from the way that sheep meat or other parts would be boiled down to produce gelatin.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) よーかん [yóꜜòkàǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [jo̞ːkã̠ɴ]

Noun

羊(よう)羹(かん) • (yōkan) ^{←やうかん (yaukan)?}

1. (obsolete) a gelatin made from boiled sheep and used in soups
2. yokan, a thick jellied dessert made of adzuki (red bean paste), agar, and sugar
   • 1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 823:

     Yôcan. ヤゥカン (羊羹) 豆に粗糖をまぜて,こねたもので作った食物.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 水羊羹(みずようかん) (mizu yōkan)
• 練(ね)り羊羹(ようかん) (neri yōkan)
• 羊羹紙(ようかんかみ) (yōkan kami)
• 羊羹色(ようかんいろ) (yōkan iro): the color of yokan
• 蒸(む)し羊羹(ようかん) (mushi yōkan): steamed yokan

Descendants

• → Cantonese: 羊羹 (joeng⁴ gang¹)
• → English: yokan, youkan
• → Hakka: 羊羹 (yòng-kâng, yô-kháng)
• → Korean: 양갱(羊羹) (yanggaeng), 요캉 (yokang)
• → Mandarin: 羊羹 (yánggēng)
• → Min Nan: 羊羹 (iő-káng, io-kàng)

References

• Doi, Tadao (1603–1604) Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.