紡績

Chinese

		spin	merit; accomplishment
trad. (紡績)		紡	績
simp. (纺绩)		纺	绩

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): fǎngjì, fǎngjī

  (Zhuyin): ㄈㄤˇ ㄐㄧˋ, ㄈㄤˇ ㄐㄧ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): fong² zik¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: fǎngjì
    • Zhuyin: ㄈㄤˇ ㄐㄧˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: fǎngjì
    • Wade–Giles: fang³-chi⁴
    • Yale: fǎng-jì
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: faangjih
    • Palladius: фанцзи (fanczi)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: fǎngjī
    • Zhuyin: ㄈㄤˇ ㄐㄧ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: fǎngji
    • Wade–Giles: fang³-chi¹
    • Yale: fǎng-jī
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: faangji
    • Palladius: фанцзи (fanczi)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: fong² zik¹
    • Yale: fóng jīk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: fong² dzik⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: fong² jig¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɪk̚⁵/
    • Homophones:

      edit edit 紡織／纺织 紡績／纺绩

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• Middle Chinese: phjangX tsek

Rime
Character	紡	績
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	滂 (2)	精 (13)
Final (韻)	陽 (106)	錫 (127)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	IV
Fanqie	妃兩切	則歷切
Baxter	phjangX	tsek
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pʰʉɐŋX/	/t͡sek̚/
Pan Wuyun	/pʰʷiɐŋX/	/t͡sek̚/
Shao Rongfen	/pʰiuɑŋX/	/t͡sɛk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/pʰuaŋX/	/t͡sɛjk̚/
Li Rong	/pʰiuaŋX/	/t͡sek̚/
Wang Li	/pʰĭwaŋX/	/t͡siek̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/pʰiwaŋX/	/t͡siek̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fǎng	ji
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fong2	zik1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*pʰaŋʔ  [ts]ˤek/

  (Zhengzhang): /*pʰaŋʔ  ʔseːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	紡	績	績
Reading #	1/1	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	fǎng	jī	jì
Middle Chinese	‹ phjangX ›	‹ tsek ›	‹ tsek ›
Old Chinese	/*pʰaŋʔ/	/*[ts]ˁek/	/*[ts]ˁek/
English	twist, spin	twist, spin	achieve; achievement
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	紡	績
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	3044	1782
Phonetic component	方	朿
Rime group	陽	錫
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	髣	績
Old Chinese	/*pʰaŋʔ/	/*ʔseːɡ/

Verb

紡績

1. to spin (silk, hemp, etc.)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
紡	績
ぼう Grade: S	せき Grade: 5
on'yomi

Noun

紡(ぼう)績(せき) • (bōseki) 

1. textile spinning

Verb

紡(ぼう)績(せき)する • (bōseki suru) suru (stem 紡(ぼう)績(せき)し (bōseki shi), past 紡(ぼう)績(せき)した (bōseki shita))

1. to spin

Conjugation

Conjugation of "紡績する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	紡績し	ぼうせきし	bōseki shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	紡績し	ぼうせきし	bōseki shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	紡績する	ぼうせきする	bōseki suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	紡績する	ぼうせきする	bōseki suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	紡績すれ	ぼうせきすれ	bōseki sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	紡績せよ¹ 紡績しろ²	ぼうせきせよ¹ ぼうせきしろ²	bōseki seyo¹ bōseki shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	紡績される	ぼうせきされる	bōseki sareru
Causative	紡績させる 紡績さす	ぼうせきさせる ぼうせきさす	bōseki saseru bōseki sasu
Potential	紡績できる	ぼうせきできる	bōseki dekiru
Volitional	紡績しよう	ぼうせきしよう	bōseki shiyō
Negative	紡績しない	ぼうせきしない	bōseki shinai
Negative continuative	紡績せず	ぼうせきせず	bōseki sezu
Formal	紡績します	ぼうせきします	bōseki shimasu
Perfective	紡績した	ぼうせきした	bōseki shita
Conjunctive	紡績して	ぼうせきして	bōseki shite
Hypothetical conditional	紡績すれば	ぼうせきすれば	bōseki sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative