独楽

See also: 獨樂

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独楽

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Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
独	楽
Grade: 5	Grade: 2
irregular

Alternative spelling
獨樂 (kyūjitai)

Appears to be a shortening of older reading komatsukuri^[1] or komatsuburi^[1]^[2] (see below).

The shorter form koma is now the most common reading. The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こま [kóꜜmà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]
IPA^(key): [ko̞ma̠]

Noun

独楽(こま) • (koma)

a spinning top
(by extension) a rigid object that can rotate freely around a fixed point
a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) in the form or shape of a spinning top
a hexagonal or octagonal top, decorated with images and/or writing, used for gambling
Synonym: 御花独楽 (ohanagoma)

Derived terms

独楽(こま)塗(ぬり), 独楽塗(こまぬ)り (komanuri)
独楽(コマ)鼠(ネズミ) (komanezumi)
独楽(こま)回(まわ)し (koma-mawashi)
唸(うな)り独楽(ごま) (unarigoma)
曲(きょく)独楽(ごま) (kyokugoma)
源水(げんすい)独楽(ごま) (Gensui-goma)
ごんごん独楽(ごま) (gongon-goma)
杯(さかずき)独楽(ごま) (sakazuki-goma)
銭(ぜに)独楽(ごま) (zenigoma)
叩(たた)き独楽(ごま) (tatakigoma)
唐(とう)独楽(ごま) (tōgoma)
貝(ばい)独楽(ごま), 海蠃(ばい)独楽(ごま) (baigoma), 貝(べい)独楽(ごま) (beigoma)
花(はな)独楽(ごま) (hanagoma)
不精(ぶしょう)独楽(ごま), 無精(ぶしょう)独楽(ごま) (bushō-goma)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
独	楽
Grade: 5	Grade: 2
irregular

Alternative spelling
獨樂 (kyūjitai)

Older form of koma above.

Compound of 高麗 (Koma, “Goryeo; Korea; foreign lands”) +‎ つぶり (tsuburi, “round thing”, cognate with 円ら (tsubura), “round”).^[1]^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ko̞ma̠t͡sɨbɯ̟ɾʲi]

Noun

独楽(こまつぶり) • (komatsuburi)

(archaic, possibly obsolete) Same as こま (koma) above

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
独	楽
Grade: 5	Grade: 2
irregular

Alternative spelling
獨樂 (kyūjitai)

Additional older form of koma above, attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE).

Compound of 高麗 (Koma, “Goryeo; Korea; foreign lands”) +‎ 作り (tsukuri, “making; made thing”, the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 作(つく)る (tsukuru, “to make”)).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ko̞ma̠t͡sɨkɯ̟ɾʲi]

Noun

独楽(こまつくり) • (komatsukuri)

(archaic, possibly obsolete) Same as こま (koma) above

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
独	楽
Grade: 5	Grade: 2
irregular

Alternative spelling
獨樂 (kyūjitai)

Ancient alternative to koma above. Probably from 紡錘 (tsumu, “a spindle”, root of the verb 紡む (tsumugu), “to spin thread or yarn”) +‎ 繰り (kuri, “winding”, the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 繰(く)る (kuru, “to wind something onto something else”)).^[2]^[3]

Occasionally also encountered with rendaku as tsumuguri.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [t͡sɨmɯ̟kɯ̟ɾʲi]

Noun

独楽(つむくり) • (tsumukuri)

(archaic, possibly obsolete) Same as こま (koma) above

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
独	楽
どく Grade: 5	らく Grade: 2
goon

Alternative spelling
獨樂 (kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese 獨樂 (MC duwk lak).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) どくらく [dòkúrákú] (Heiban – [0])^[2]
IPA^(key): [do̞kɯ̟ɾa̠kɯ̟]

Adjective

独(どく)楽(らく) • (dokuraku)

fun or entertaining for one person alone

Usage notes

Used attributively with the particle の (no).

Noun

独(どく)楽(らく) • (dokuraku)

something fun or entertaining for one person alone
(uncommon) Same as こま (koma) above

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[KDJ-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJS-3] Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

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