善知識

Chinese

		good	friendship, acquaintance
trad. (善知識)		善	知識
simp. (善知识)		善	知识

Etymology

Calque of Sanskrit कल्याणमित्र (kalyāṇamitra) or calque of Pali kalyāṇa mittatā.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): shànzhīshí, shànzhīshì

  (Zhuyin): ㄕㄢˋ ㄓ ㄕˊ, ㄕㄢˋ ㄓ ㄕˋ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: shànzhīshí
    • Zhuyin: ㄕㄢˋ ㄓ ㄕˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: shànjhihshíh
    • Wade–Giles: shan⁴-chih¹-shih²
    • Yale: shàn-jr̄-shŕ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shannjyshyr
    • Palladius: шаньчжиши (šanʹčžiši)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: shànzhīshì
    • Zhuyin: ㄕㄢˋ ㄓ ㄕˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: shànjhihshìh
    • Wade–Giles: shan⁴-chih¹-shih⁴
    • Yale: shàn-jr̄-shr̀
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shannjyshyh
    • Palladius: шаньчжиши (šanʹčžiši)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: dzyenX trje syik

Rime
Character	善	知	識
Reading #	1/1	1/1	2/2
Initial (聲)	常 (25)	知 (9)	書 (26)
Final (韻)	仙 (77)	支 (11)	職 (134)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III	III
Fanqie	常演切	陟移切	賞職切
Baxter	dzyenX	trje	syik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑiᴇnX/	/ʈiᴇ/	/ɕɨk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑiɛnX/	/ʈiɛ/	/ɕɨk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑjænX/	/ȶjɛ/	/ɕiek̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑianX/	/ʈiə̆/	/ɕik̚/
Li Rong	/ʑiɛnX/	/ȶie/	/ɕiək̚/
Wang Li	/ʑĭɛnX/	/ȶǐe/	/ɕĭək̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʑi̯ɛnX/	/ȶie̯/	/ɕi̯ək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shàn	zhī	shi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sin6	zi1	sik1

Noun

善知識

1. (Buddhism) kalyāṇa mittatā; friendship in virtue

   • 善知識者是全梵行。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     善知识者是全梵行。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: c. 710, Yijing, translator. Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya (《根本說一切有部毘奈耶雜事》), ch. 38

     Shànzhīshí zhě shì quán fàn xíng. [Pinyin]

     Virtuous friendship is the entirety of the Buddhist way of life.

2. (Buddhism) virtuous friend; virtuous person