参る
Appearance
See also: 參る
Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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参 |
まい Grade: 4 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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參る (kyūjitai) |
Etymology
[edit]⟨mawi iru⟩ → /mawiru/ → /mairu/
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[1]
Originally a compound of 參 (mawi → mai, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of Old Japanese verb 參る (mawiru → mairu), “to go, particularly to the place or person of a social superior”, humble) + 入る (iru, “to enter”).[1][2][3] Old Japanese did not allow vowel clusters, resulting in the shortening of mawi iru to mawiru.
The transitive senses are obsolete in modern Japanese.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「参る」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
参る | まいる | [máꜜìrù] |
Imperative (命令形) | 参れ | まいれ | [máꜜìrè] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 参られる | まいられる | [màíráréꜜrù] |
Causative | 参らせる | まいらせる | [màíráséꜜrù] |
Potential | 参れる | まいれる | [màíréꜜrù] |
Volitional | 参ろう | まいろー | [màíróꜜò] |
Negative | 参らない | まいらない | [màíráꜜnàì] |
Negative perfective | 参らなかった | まいらなかった | [màíráꜜnàkàttà] |
Formal | 参ります | まいります | [màírímáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 参った | まいった | [máꜜìttà] |
Conjunctive | 参って | まいって | [máꜜìttè] |
Hypothetical conditional | 参れば | まいれば | [máꜜìrèbà] |
Verb
[edit]参る • (mairu) ←まゐる (mawiru)?transitive or intransitive godan (stem 参り (mairi), past 参った (maitta))
Japanese verb pair | |
---|---|
causative | 参らせる |
active | 参る |
mediopassive | 参る |
- [from 720] (intransitive, humble) to go
- このエレベーターは上へ参ります。
- Kono erebētā wa ue e mairimasu.
- This lift is going up.
- では、参ります。
- Deha, mairimasu.
- Let us start.
- このエレベーターは上へ参ります。
- [from early 1000s] (intransitive, humble) to come
- 電車がまいります。 ― densha ga mairimasu. ― The train is arriving.
- [from late 900s] (intransitive) to visit (typically a place of social or spiritual importance, such as a noble's house or a shrine)
- 墓に参る ― haka ni mairu ― to visit a grave
- 神社に参る ― jinja ni mairu ― to visit a shrine
- to be overcome, to cede to a superior person or superior circumstances (by extension from the older "go to a superior" sense)
- [from late 1500s] (intransitive) to lose to an opponent
- 参ったな。 ― maitta na. ― You got me.
- [from early 1900s] (intransitive) to be bothered, overwhelmed, done in by circumstances
- 暑さに参る
- atsusa ni mairu
- to be done in by the heat
- 暑さに参る
- [from early 1900s] (intransitive) to die
- [from early 1900s] (intransitive) to fall for someone romantically
- [from late 1500s] (intransitive) to lose to an opponent
- (transitive, humble, archaic) to go to (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
- [late 900s–???] (transitive, humble, archaic) to serve someone in some capacity, to do something for someone
- [1478–???] (transitive, humble, archaic) a 脇付 (wakizuke, “respectful title written after an addressee's name”) on the side of a formal letter
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "参る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 参ら | まいら | maira |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 参り | まいり | mairi |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 参る | まいる | mairu |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 参る | まいる | mairu |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 参れ | まいれ | maire |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 参れ | まいれ | maire |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 参られる | まいられる | mairareru |
Causative | 参らせる 参らす |
まいらせる まいらす |
mairaseru mairasu |
Potential | 参れる | まいれる | maireru |
Volitional | 参ろう | まいろう | mairō |
Negative | 参らない | まいらない | mairanai |
Negative continuative | 参らず | まいらず | mairazu |
Formal | 参ります | まいります | mairimasu |
Perfective | 参った | まいった | maitta |
Conjunctive | 参って | まいって | maitte |
Hypothetical conditional | 参れば | まいれば | maireba |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 参ら | まゐら | mawira |
Continuative (連用形) | 参り | まゐり | mawiri |
Terminal (終止形) | 参る | まゐる | mawiru |
Attributive (連体形) | 参る | まゐる | mawiru |
Realis (已然形) | 参れ | まゐれ | mawire |
Imperative (命令形) | 参れ | まゐれ | mawire |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 参らず | まゐらず | mawirazu |
Contrasting conjunction | 参れど | まゐれど | mawiredo |
Causal conjunction | 参れば | まゐれば | mawireba |
Conditional conjunction | 参らば | まゐらば | mawiraba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 参りき | まゐりき | mawiriki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 参りけり | まゐりけり | mawirikeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 参りつ | まゐりつ | mawiritu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 参りぬ | まゐりぬ | mawirinu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 参れり 参りたり |
まゐれり まゐりたり |
mawireri mawiritari |
Volitional | 参らむ | まゐらむ | mawiramu |
Derived terms
[edit]- 参らす (mairasu)
See also
[edit]- (be bothered by circumstances): やられる (yarareru)
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 “参”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 参 read as まい
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese compound terms
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- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese terms historically spelled with ゐ
- Japanese transitive verbs
- Japanese intransitive verbs
- Japanese godan verbs
- Japanese godan verbs ending with -ru
- Japanese godan verbs ending with -iru
- Japanese terms spelled with fourth grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese humble terms
- Japanese terms with usage examples
- Japanese terms with archaic senses