倥侗

Chinese

			ignorant; (ethnic group)
trad. (倥侗)		倥	侗
simp. #(倥侗)		倥	侗
alternative forms		空侗

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kōngtóng

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄥ ㄊㄨㄥˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hung¹ tung⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kōngtóng
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥ ㄊㄨㄥˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kongtóng
    • Wade–Giles: kʻung¹-tʻung²
    • Yale: kūng-túng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kongtorng
    • Palladius: кунтун (kuntun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰʊŋ⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: hung¹ tung⁴
    • Yale: hūng tùhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hung¹ tung⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: hung¹ tung⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hʊŋ⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: khuwng duwng

Rime
Character	倥	侗
Reading #	1/3	1/3
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	東 (1)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	苦紅切	徒紅切
Baxter	khuwng	duwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰuŋ/	/duŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰuŋ/	/duŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰuŋ/	/duŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəwŋ/	/dəwŋ/
Li Rong	/kʰuŋ/	/duŋ/
Wang Li	/kʰuŋ/	/duŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰuŋ/	/dʱuŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kōng	tóng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hung1	tung4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰoːŋ  doːŋ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	倥	侗
Reading #	1/3	3/3
No.	4042	12454
Phonetic component	工	同
Rime group	東	東
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	空	同
Old Chinese	/*kʰoːŋ/	/*doːŋ/

Adjective

倥侗

1. (literary) ignorant

   • 天降生民，倥侗顓蒙，恣乎情性，聰明不開。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     天降生民，倥侗颛蒙，恣乎情性，聪明不开。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE, translated based on Jeffrey S. Bullock's version

     Tiān jiàng shēng mín, kōngtóng zhuānméng, zì hū qíngxìng, cōngmíng bù kāi. [Pinyin]

     When Tian gives birth to the masses, they are naive and ignorant. They give free reign to their desires and original natures, and their intelligence is undeveloped.