のべる

Japanese

Etymology 1

Alternative spellings
述べる 宣べる 陳べる 演べる 叙べる 抒べる 舒べる 延べる 伸べる 展べる

From Classical Japanese lower bigrade verb (バ行下二段活用) のぶ (nobu).

Development

Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) のべる [nòbéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [2])
• IPA^(key): [no̞be̞ɾɯ̟]

Verb

のべる • (noberu) transitive ichidan (stem のべ (nobe), past のべた (nobeta))

1. 述べる, 宣べる, 陳べる, 演べる, 叙べる: to remark, to state, to express
   1. 宣べる, 演べる: to spread the word
   2. 演べる, 叙べる: to explain
   3. 抒べる, 舒べる: to express or confess one's innermost thoughts
2. 延べる, 伸べる, 展べる, 舒べる: to lengthen, to stretch, to spread out, to extend, to hold forth
   1. 延べる, 伸べる, 展べる: to unfold, to deploy, to lay out
   2. 延べる, 伸べる: to postpone, to put off, to delay
   3. 延べる: to dilute by adding fluids

Conjugation

Conjugation of "のべる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	のべ	nobe
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	のべ	nobe
Shūshikei ("terminal")	のべる	noberu
Rentaikei ("attributive")	のべる	noberu
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	のべれ	nobere
Meireikei ("imperative")	のべよ¹ のべろ²	nobeyo¹ nobero²
Key constructions
Passive	のべられる	noberareru
Causative	のべさせる のべさす	nobesaseru nobesasu
Potential	のべられる のべれる³	noberareru nobereru³
Volitional	のべよう	nobeyō
Negative	のべない のべぬ のべん	nobenai nobenu noben
Negative continuative	のべず	nobezu
Formal	のべます	nobemasu
Perfective	のべた	nobeta
Conjunctive	のべて	nobete
Hypothetical conditional	のべれば	nobereba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of のべる – see the following entry.

【ノベル】 [noun] novel

(This term, のべる (noberu), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.) For a list of all kanji read as のべる, see Category:Japanese kanji read as のべる.)